Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against HIV-1 V1V2 Env region

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates anti-HIV therapies and prophylaxis. Specifically, the invention relates to broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, vectors comprising the nucleic acids and cells and pharmaceutical compositions Comprising said vectors and/or antibodies. The present invention also relates to use of the antibodies and/or vectors for the treatment and/or prevention of HIV-1 infection in a subject. Furthermore, the invention also relates to a kit containing the antibodies of the invention.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. National Stage Application pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Patent Application PCT/IB2015/051465, filed on Feb. 27, 2015, and published as WO 2015/128846 on Sep. 3, 2015, which claims priority to South African Patent Application No. 2014/09416, filed on Dec. 19, 2014, and Great Britain Patent Application No. 1403613.1, filed on Feb. 28, 2014, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates anti-HIV therapies and prophylaxis. Specifically, the invention relates to broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, vectors comprising the nucleic acids and cells and pharmaceutical compositions Comprising said vectors and/or antibodies. The present invention also relates to use of the antibodies and/or vectors for the treatment and/or prevention of HIV-1 infection in a subject. Furthermore, the invention also relates to a kit containing the antibodies of the invention.

Antibodies that effectively neutralize HIV-1 represent potential templates to guide HIV-1 vaccination strategies if the molecular events that led to their elicitation could be understood and reproduced (Haynes et al. 2012; Kong et al. 2012; Moir et al. 2011; McCoy et al. 2013; Overbaugh & Morris 2012; Burton et al. 2012). Virtually all infected individuals mount a potent antibody response within a few months of infection, but these antibodies preferentially neutralise the autologous virus that rapidly escapes (Montefiori et al. 1991; Richman et al. 2003; Wei et al. 2003; Bunnik et al. 2008). Cross-reactive antibodies capable of neutralising a majority of HIV-1 strains arise in about 20% of donors after 2-3 years of infection (van Gils et al. 2009; Gray et al. 2011; Piantadosi et al. 2009; Sather et al. 2009; Doria-Rose et al. 2010). The challenge with studying (and eliciting) broadly neutralising antibodies is that they are generally subdominant responses and are vastly outnumbered by ineffective or strain-specific antibody responses (Kong et al. 2012; Overbaugh & Morris 2012; Pantophlet et al. 2006; Kwong et al. 2012; Mascola & Haynes et al. 2013). Importantly, it is unclear if broadly neutralizing antibodies develop from early strain-specific B cell lineages that mature over years of infection, or if breadth results from rare stochastic events stimulating new B cell lineages that rapidly become cross-reactive for HIV-1.

One means to map molecular events leading to the development of an HIV-1-specific antibody response involves the isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and examination of the B cell genetic record with next-generation sequencing (NGS) (Glanville et al. 2009; Tian et al. 2008; Briney et al. 2012; Boyd et al. 2010). Sampling at a single time point after the development of a neutralizing antibody lineage allows the study of an expanded antibody family and the elucidation of earlier lineage sequences with lower levels of somatic mutation (Wu et al. 2011; Zhu et al. 2012; Zhu et al. 2013). Even greater insight can be gained with longitudinal sampling from early after the time of infection, as was shown for the CH103 antibody lineage that targets the CD4-binding site of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) (Liao et al. 2013). Several mature CH103 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were isolated 2 antigen-specific B cells at 136 weeks after infection. NGS was then used to identify transcripts of the CH103 lineage, which were observed as early as 14 weeks after infection, well before plasma cross-neutralizing activity was detected in this donor. Notably, the inferred unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of CH103 bound the autologous transmitted/founder virus, and evolved in response to viral diversification to gain the necessary somatic mutations to effectively neutralize heterologous strains of HIV-1. Since the CD4 binding site is only one of the several conserved neutralization epitopes on the HIV-1 Env, additional studies are needed to understand the genetic determinants and maturation pathway of potent neutralizing antibodies that target other vulnerable regions of HIV-1.

Serum neutralizing antibodies from HIV-1 infected donors often target the V1V2 region of HIV-1 Env (Gray et al. 2011; Walker et al. 2010; Lynch et al. 2011; Tomaras et al. 2011), and binding antibodies to this region were shown to correlate with protection in the RV144 HIV vaccine trial (Haynes et al. 2012). In addition, potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to the V1V2 region have been isolated from several donors. These include PG9 and PG16, which neutralize 70-80% of circulating HIV-1 isolates (Walker et al. 2009), CH01-04, which neutralize 40-50% (Bonsignori et al. 2011), and PGT141-145 which neutralize 40-80% (Walker et al. 2011). All of these antibodies are characterized by long 3^(d)-heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions (CDR H3), which are protruding, anionic, and tyrosine sulphated (Pejchal et al. 2010; McLellan et al. 2011; Pancera et al. 2013). Crystal and electron microscopy structures of Env complexes with PG9 and PG16 reveal that the CDR H3s penetrate the HIV-1 glycan shield, recognizing a quaternary glycopeptide epitope at the membrane-distal apex of the HIV-1 spike, formed by the association of V1V2s from three gp120 protomers (McLellan et al. 2011; Pancera et al. 2013; Julien et al. 2013). To understand more precisely which factors are crucial in the pathway toward effective V1V2-directed antibodies, we analyzed donor CAP256 who was previously shown to develop a potent V1V2-directed plasma response (Moore et al. 2011; Moore et al. 2013; Georgiev et al. 2013). This donor was analyzed by longitudinal sampling, found to be superinfected at week 15, and showed modest neutralization breadth at one year. By three years post-infection, plasma from CAP256 neutralized 77% of all HIV-1 strains but particularly those from subtypes A and C (Gray et al. 2011). Here we isolate potent V1V2-directed broadly neutralizing antibodies from this donor, perform NGS to enable a detailed understanding of the evolution of lineage, and determine crystal structures to define their molecular characteristics. Circulating plasma virus was also analyzed longitudinally to understand the interplay between viral Env evolution and the immune response. The results allow for a precise delineation of the molecular events that gave rise to this category of potent antibodies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the invention there is provided for an isolated anti-HIV antibody that binds to the V1V2 epitope of HIV, wherein the antibody comprises one or both of a heavy chain variable region comprising a consensus amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:121 and a light chain variable region comprising a consensus amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:122.

In one embodiment the isolated anti-HIV antibody neutralizes autologous HIV virus CAP256.SU at an IC₅₀ concentration of less than 0.5 μg/ml, or heterologous HIV virus ZM53.12 at an IC₅₀ concentration of less than 0.5 μg/ml.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided for an isolated anti-HIV antibody selected from the group consisting of CAP256-VRC26-UCA, CAP256-VRC26-11, CAP256-VRC26-12, CAP256-VRC26.01, CAP256-VRC26.02, CAP256-VRC26.03, CAP256-VRC26.04, CAP256-VRC26.05, CAP256-VRC26.06, CAP256-VRC26.07, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.09, CAP256-VRC26.10, CAP256-VRC26.11, CAP256-VRC26.12, CAP256-VRC26.25, CAP256-VRC26.26 and CAP256-VRC26.27.

In one embodiment of the invention the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.01 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 19% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group consisting of 96ZM651.02, CAP210.E8, CAP244.D3, CAP45.G3, DU156.12, DU172.17, DU422.01, ZM109.4, ZM135.10a, ZM197.7, ZM214.15, ZM233.6, ZM249.1, ZM53.12, 0260.v5.c36, BG505.w6m, KER2008.12, KER2018.11, MB201, MB539.2B7, Q168.a2, Q23.17, Q259.d2.17, Q461.e2, Q769.d22, Q842.d12, RW020.2, UG037.8, 6535.3, AC10.29, CAAN.A2, PVO.04, QH0692.42, REJO.67, RHPA.7, SC422.8, THRO.18, TRJO.58, TRO.11, WITO.33, 191821.E6.1, 3016.V5.c36, 6405.v4.c34, C1080.c3, CM244.ec1, CNE3 and TH976.17.

In one embodiment of the invention the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.02 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 17% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; or the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.03 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 36% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.04 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 30% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.05 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 21% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.06 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 17% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.07 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 13% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.08 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 47% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.09 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 47% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.10 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 23% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.11 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 23% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.12 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 6% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.13 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 6% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.14 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 26% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.15 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 32% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.16 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 30% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.17 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 30% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.18 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 28% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.19 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 47% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.20 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 2% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.21 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 13% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.22 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 47% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.23 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 6% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.24 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 37% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; or the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.25 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 63% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.26 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 59% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.27 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 59% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.28 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 41% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.29 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 46% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.30 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 28% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.31 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 20% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.32 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 20% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above; or the antibody is CAP256-VRC26.33 and the antibody effectively neutralises at least 22% of HIV-1 strains selected from the group of strains mentioned above.

A further aspect provides for an isolated anti-HIV antibody comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-60, SEQ ID NOs:170-173, SEQ ID NOs:178-181 or SEQ ID NOs:186-189.

In another embodiment the anti-HIV antibody comprises:

i) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; or

ii) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; or

iii) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12; or

iv) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16; or

v) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; or

vi) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:23 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; or

vii) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28; or

viii) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:31 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32; or

ix) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:35 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:36; or

x) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:39 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:40; or

xi) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:43 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:44; or

xii) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:47 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:48; or

xiii) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52; or

xiv) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:56; or

xv) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:59 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:60; or

xvi) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:172 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 173; or

xvi) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:180 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 181; or

xvi) a heavy chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:188 and a light chain sequence comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189.

In one embodiment of the invention the antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:3, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:3, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:3, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:4, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:4, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:4.

Alternatively, in another embodiment the isolated anti-HIV antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:7, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:7, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:7, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:8, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:8, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:8.

In another embodiment the isolated anti-HIV antibody may include a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:11, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:11, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:11, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:12, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:12.

Alternatively, in another embodiment the isolated anti-HIV antibody may include a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:15, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:15, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:15, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:16, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:16, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:16.

In yet another embodiment the isolated antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:19, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:19, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:19, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:20, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:20, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-98 of SEQ ID NO:20.

In another embodiment the isolated antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:23, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:23, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:23, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:24, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:24, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:24.

In a further embodiment the isolated antibody may include a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:27, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:27, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:27, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:28, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:28, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:28.

In another embodiment the isolated antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:31, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:31, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:31, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 23-30 of SEQ ID NO:32, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 48-50 of SEQ ID NO:32, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-98 of SEQ ID NO:32.

A further embodiment provides for an isolated antibody which includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:35, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:35, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-134 of SEQ ID NO:35, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:36, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:36, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-98 of SEQ ID NO:36.

According to another embodiment, the isolated antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:39, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:39, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:39, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:40, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:40, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:40.

In another embodiment of the invention the antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:43, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:43, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-135 of SEQ ID NO:43, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:44, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:44, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:44.

In yet another embodiment of the invention the antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:47, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:47, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-135 of SEQ ID NO:47, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:48, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:48, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:48.

In a further embodiment of the invention the antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:51, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:51, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:51, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:52, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:52, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:52.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention the antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:55, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:55, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 96-132 of SEQ ID NO:55, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:56, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:56, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-97 of SEQ ID NO:56.

In yet another embodiment of the invention the antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:59, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-58 of SEQ ID NO:59, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 97-133 of SEQ ID NO:59, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 26-33 of SEQ ID NO:60, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-53 of SEQ ID NO:60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-97 of SEQ ID NO:60.

A further embodiment of the invention provides for an antibody which includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:172, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 50-66 of SEQ ID NO:172, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 99-134 of SEQ ID NO:172, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 23-35 of SEQ ID NO:173, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-57 of SEQ ID NO:173, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:173.

A further embodiment of the invention provides for an antibody which includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:180, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 50-66 of SEQ ID NO:180, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 99-135 of SEQ ID NO:180, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 23-35 of SEQ ID NO:181, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-57 of SEQ ID NO:181, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:181.

A further embodiment of the invention provides for an antibody which includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:188, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 50-66 of SEQ ID NO:188, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 99-135 of SEQ ID NO:188, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 23-35 of SEQ ID NO:189, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 52-57 of SEQ ID NO:189, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:189.

A fourth aspect of the invention provides for a composition comprising the isolated anti-HIV antibody of the invention or a fragment thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides for a nucleic acid molecule encoding the isolated anti-HIV antibody of the invention, or a fragment thereof.

Other embodiments provide for vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules encoding the isolated anti-HIV antibody of the invention or a fragment thereof, as well as cells containing the vectors.

A fifth aspect of the invention provides for a composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule encoding the isolated anti-HIV antibody of the invention, or a fragment thereof, vectors comprising the nucleic acids or cells containing the vectors.

A further embodiment of the invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one antibody or fragment of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A further embodiment of the invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding the isolated anti-HIV antibody of the invention, or a fragment thereof, vectors comprising the nucleic acids or cells containing the vectors and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided for a method of immunising against or treating an HIV infection or an HIV-related disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one HIV antibody of the invention to a subject in need of immunisation or treatment. The administration may comprise administration of a second therapeutic agent. Preferably, the second therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided for a method of immunising against or treating an HIV infection or an HIV-related disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding the isolated anti-HIV antibody of the invention, or a fragment thereof, a vector comprising the nucleic acids or cells containing the vectors to a subject in need of immunisation or treatment. The administration may comprise administration of a second therapeutic agent. Preferably, the second therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent.

The present specification also provides for a vaccine comprising an epitope that specifically binds to an antibody of the invention.

In yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided for a method of detecting the presence of an anti-HIV antibody of the invention or an antigen or epitope that binds to an anti-HIV antibody of the invention in a patient, the method comprising isolating a biological sample from the patient and assaying the biological sample for the presence of the anti-HIV antibody or the presence of an antigen or epitope that binds to an anti-HIV antibody of the invention or a cell that contains at least one of the DNA or mRNA encoding the antibody.

A further aspect makes provision for a kit comprising at least one antibody or fragment of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Non-limiting embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the following figures:

FIG. 1: Development of broad neutralization by donor CAP256 and isolation of neutralizing antibodies. Genetic characteristics and neutralization breadth and potency of the 33 isolated antibodies, CAP256-VRC26.01-33. Neutralization was assessed against a panel of 46 Env-pseudoviruses.

FIG. 2: Epitope mapping of CAP256-VRC26 antibodies to the VIV2 region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (a) Binding competition indicates CAP256-VRC26 antibodies to be in the same competition group as V1V2-directed antibody PG9. Binding to ZM53-Env-expressing 293T cells by labeled CAP256-VRC26.08 and unlabeled competitor antibodies was measured by flow cytometry. (b) Neutralization of ConC (wild type) and it's V2 mutants by CAP256-VRC26 antibodies. Each pair of dots shows the IC₅₀s for one virus and respective mutant.

FIG. 3: Maturation of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage revealed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of B cell transcripts. Phylogenetic trees of the CAP256-VRC26 clonal lineage for heavy chain and light chain.

FIG. 4: Structural characteristics of the developing CAP256-VRC26 lineage. Crystal structure of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of CAP256-VRC26.03 shown in ribbon diagram representation.

FIG. 5: Development from UCA to CAP256-VRC26.01. Top row shows neutralization by antibodies VRC26-UCA, VRC26-11, VRC26-12 and VRC26.01 against the autologous primary virus (PI), superinfecting virus (SU), and a set of SU viruses with escape mutations. Bottom row shows neutralization of heterologous viruses by CAP256-VRC26.01 lineage antibodies. Neutralization was assessed against a panel of seven VRC26.01-sensitive strains as shown.

FIG. 6: Sequences of CAP256-VRC26 heavy chains. Sequences of the 33 B-cell culture derived antibodies inferred intermediates are compared to the germline V and J genes.

FIG. 7: Sequences of CAP256-VRC26 lambda light chains. Sequences of the 33 B-cell culture derived antibodies, inferred intermediates are compared to the germline V and J genes.

FIG. 8: Potency and breadth of CAP256-VRC26.25 against Clade C compared to other well known mAbs.

FIG. 9: Neutralization (IC₅₀ values) of 194 viruses by CAP256-VRC26.08 and CAP256-VRC26.25. Geometric mean is calculated for values <50.

FIG. 10: Neutralization of heterologous viruses by CAP256 plasma and mAbs. Neutralization of 31 viruses by CAP256-VRC26 mAbs and by plasma from CAP256 sampled at 4 timepoints. Plasma data are from Moore et al, 2011. Antibody values are shown as 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of a theoretical combination of all 31 antibodies (calculated as the lowest IC₅₀ for each virus). Plasma is shown as 50% inhibitory dilution (ID₅₀) with a starting dilution of 1:45.

FIG. 11: Neutralization (IC₅₀ values) by each of the 31 CAP256-VRC26 mAbs tested against Env clones.

FIG. 12: Effect of V2 epitope polymorphisms and escape mutations on CAP256-VRC26 neutralization. CAP256-VRC26 mAb neutralization of the SU and PI viruses, and of the SU virus mutated to contain PI polymorphisms 1621, 165V or 169Q. The V2 epitope sequences (residues 160-171) are shown on the left and neutralization IC₅₀ values on the right.

FIG. 13: Minimal autoreactivity of CAP256-VRC26 antibodies. (a). Staining on Hep2 cells was assessed at 50 and 25 μg/ml. Only the positive control, mAb 4E10, showed positive staining. (b) ELISA for binding to cardiolipin. 4E10 was strongly positive, CAP256-VRC26.03 was weakly positive, and the other CAP256-VRC26 mAbs and the UCA were negative along with control antibody VRC01.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotide bases, and the standard three letter abbreviations for amino acids. It will be understood by those of skill in the art that only one strand of each nucleic acid sequence is shown, but that the complementary strand is included by any reference to the displayed strand. In the accompanying sequence listing:

SEQ ID NO:1 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26-UCA.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26-UCA.

SEQ ID NO:3 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-UCA.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-UCA.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26-I1

SEQ ID NO:6 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26-I1

SEQ ID NO:7 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-I1

SEQ ID NO:8 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-I1

SEQ ID NO:9 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26-I2.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26-I2

SEQ ID NO:11 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-12

SEQ ID NO:12 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-12

SEQ ID NO:13 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.01

SEQ ID NO:14 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.01

SEQ ID NO:15 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.01

SEQ ID NO:16 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.01

SEQ ID NO:17 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.02

SEQ ID NO:18 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.02

SEQ ID NO:19 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.02

SEQ ID NO:20 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.02

SEQ ID NO:21 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.03

SEQ ID NO:22 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.03

SEQ ID NO:23 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.03

SEQ ID NO:24 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.03

SEQ ID NO:25 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.04

SEQ ID NO:26 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.04

SEQ ID NO:27 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.04

SEQ ID NO:28 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.04

SEQ ID NO:29 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.05

SEQ ID NO:30 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.05

SEQ ID NO:31 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.05

SEQ ID NO:32 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.05

SEQ ID NO:33 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.06

SEQ ID NO:34 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.06

SEQ ID NO:35 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.06

SEQ ID NO:36 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.06

SEQ ID NO:37 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.07

SEQ ID NO:38 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.07

SEQ ID NO:39 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.07

SEQ ID NO:40 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.07

SEQ ID NO:41 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.08

SEQ ID NO:42 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.08

SEQ ID NO:43 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.08

SEQ ID NO:44 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.08

SEQ ID NO:45 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.09

SEQ ID NO:46 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.09

SEQ ID NO:47 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.09

SEQ ID NO:48 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.09

SEQ ID NO:49 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.10

SEQ ID NO:50 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.10

SEQ ID NO:51 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.10

SEQ ID NO:52 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.10

SEQ ID NO:53 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.11

SEQ ID NO:54 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.11

SEQ ID NO:55 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.11

SEQ ID NO:56 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.11

SEQ ID NO:57 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.12

SEQ ID NO:58 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.12

SEQ ID NO:59 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.12

SEQ ID NO:60 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.12

SEQ ID NO:61 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26-UCA

SEQ ID NO:62 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26-UCA

SEQ ID NO:63 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-UCA

SEQ ID NO:64 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-UCA

SEQ ID NO:65 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26-11

SEQ ID NO:66 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26-l1

SEQ ID NO:67 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-11

SEQ ID NO:68 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-11

SEQ ID NO:69 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26-12

SEQ ID NO:70 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26-12

SEQ ID NO:71 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-12

SEQ ID NO:72 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26-12

SEQ ID NO:73 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.01

SEQ ID NO:74 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.01

SEQ ID NO:75 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.01

SEQ ID NO:76 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.01

SEQ ID NO:77 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.02

SEQ ID NO:78 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.02

SEQ ID NO:79 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.02

SEQ ID NO:80 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.02

SEQ ID NO:81 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.03

SEQ ID NO:82 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.03

SEQ ID NO:83 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.03

SEQ ID NO:84 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.03

SEQ ID NO:85 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.04

SEQ ID NO:86 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.04

SEQ ID NO:87 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.04

SEQ ID NO:88 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.04

SEQ ID NO:89 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.05

SEQ ID NO:90 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.05

SEQ ID NO:91 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.05

SEQ ID NO:92 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.05

SEQ ID NO:93 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.06

SEQ ID NO:94 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.06

SEQ ID NO:95 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.06

SEQ ID NO:96 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.06

SEQ ID NO:97 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.07

SEQ ID NO:98 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.07

SEQ ID NO:99 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.07

SEQ ID NO:100 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.07

SEQ ID NO:101 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.08

SEQ ID NO:102 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.08

SEQ ID NO:103 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.08

SEQ ID NO:104 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.08

SEQ ID NO:105 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.09

SEQ ID NO:106 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.09

SEQ ID NO:107 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.09

SEQ ID NO:108 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.09

SEQ ID NO:109 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.10

SEQ ID NO:110 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.10

SEQ ID NO:111 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.10

SEQ ID NO:112 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.10

SEQ ID NO:113 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.11

SEQ ID NO:114 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.11

SEQ ID NO:115 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.11

SEQ ID NO:116 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.11

SEQ ID NO:117 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.12

SEQ ID NO:118 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.12

SEQ ID NO:119 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.12

SEQ ID NO:120 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.12

SEQ ID NO:121 is the consensus amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of a CAP256-VRC26 antibody

SEQ ID NO:122 is the consensus amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of a CAP256-VRC26 antibody SEQ ID NOs:123-167 are the PCR primers used to prepare the amplicon for 454 pyrosequencing

SEQ ID NO:168 is the sequence for oligonucleotide primer EnvM

SEQ ID NO:169 is the sequence for oligonucleotide primer EnvAstop

SEQ ID NO:170 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.25

SEQ ID NO:171 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.25

SEQ ID NO:172 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.25

SEQ ID NO:173 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.25

SEQ ID NO:174 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.25

SEQ ID NO:175 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.25

SEQ ID NO:176 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.25

SEQ ID NO:177 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.25

SEQ ID NO:178 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.26

SEQ ID NO:179 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.26

SEQ ID NO:180 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.26

SEQ ID NO:181 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.26

SEQ ID NO:182 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.26

SEQ ID NO:183 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.26

SEQ ID NO:184 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.26

SEQ ID NO:185 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.26

SEQ ID NO:186 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.27

SEQ ID NO:187 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.27

SEQ ID NO:188 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.27

SEQ ID NO:189 is the amino acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.27

SEQ ID NO:190 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain of CAP256-VRC26.27

SEQ ID NO:191 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain of CAP256-VRC26.27

SEQ ID NO:192 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.27

SEQ ID NO:193 is an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the antibody light chain variable domain of CAP256-VRC26.27

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the invention are shown.

The invention as described should not be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the invention. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

Where a value of ranges is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges which may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.

As used throughout this specification and in the claims which follow, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include the plural form, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The terminology and phraseology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of the terms “comprising”, “containing”, “having” and “including” and variations thereof used herein, are meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.

Unless otherwise defined herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

The present invention provides for isolated anti-HIV antibodies which are broadly neutralising to HIV-1 and which recognise and bind to a V1V2 epitope of HIV-1 Env.

The term “antibody” includes monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (for instance, bispecific antibodies and polyreactive antibodies), and antibody fragments. Accordingly, the term “antibody” as used in this specification includes, but is not limited to, any specific binding member, immunoglobulin class and/or isotype (for instance: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM) or an antibody fragment thereof.

It is understood in the art that an antibody is a glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains which are inter-connected by disulfide bonds, or an antigen binding portion thereof. A heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a heavy chain constant region (CH1, CH2 and CH3). A light chain comprises a light chain variable region (VL) and a light chain constant region (CL). The variable regions of both the heavy and the light chains comprise framework regions (FR's) and complementarity determining regions (CDR's). The four FR's are relatively conserved while the CDR regions (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3) comprise hypervariable regions. The FR's and CDR's are arranged from the NH₂ terminus to the COOH terminus as follows: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. Further, the constant regions may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors.

Also included in the definition of “antibody” are chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, recombinant antibodies, human antibodies generated from a transgenic non-human animal and antibodies selected from libraries using enrichment technologies available to those skilled in the art.

The term “epitope” as used herein means any antigenic determinant on an antigen to which the paratope of an antibody can bind. Epitopic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics.

An “antibody fragment” comprises a portion of an intact antibody, such as the antigen binding or variable region of the intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv fragments, scFV fragments; diabodies; or linear antibodies.

Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical “Fab” fragments or antigen-binding fragments, each with a single antigen-binding site, and a residual “Fc” fragment, whose name reflects its ability to crystallize readily. Pepsin treatment of antibodies yields an F(ab′)2 fragment that has two antigen-combining sites and which retains its ability to cross-link an antigen.

The term “Fv” refers to the minimum antibody fragment that contains a complete antigen-recognition and antigen-binding site. This fragment contains a dimer of one heavy- and one light-chain variable region domain in tight, non-covalent association. The folding of these two domains results in the formation of six hypervariable loops (three loops each from the H and L chain) that contribute the amino acid residues for antigen binding and confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable region (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) has the ability to recognize and bind an antigen, although at a lower affinity. “Single-chain Fv” (“sFv” or “scFv”) are antibody fragments that comprise the VH and VL antibody domains connected into a single polypeptide chain. The sFv polypeptide can further comprise a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains that enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.

The “Fab” fragments contain the constant domain of the light chain and the first constant domain (CH1) of the heavy chain. Fab′ fragments differ from Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxy terminus of the heavy chain CH1 domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region. Fab′-SH is the designation herein for Fab′ in which the cysteine residue(s) of the constant domains bear a free thiol group. F(ab′)2 antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab′ fragments which have hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known in the art.

Variant antibodies also are included within the scope of the invention. Thus, variants of the sequences recited in the application also are included within the scope of the invention. Further variants of the antibody sequences having improved affinity can be obtained using methods known in the art and are included within the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art can modify the amino acid sequences of a polypeptide utilizing recombinant methods and/or synthetic chemistry techniques for the production of variant polypeptides. For example, amino acid substitutions can be used to obtain antibodies with further improved affinity. Alternatively, codon optimization of the nucleotide sequence can be used to improve the efficiency of translation in expression systems for the production of the antibody. Such variant antibody sequences will share 70% or more (i.e., 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater) sequence identity with the sequences recited in the application. Such sequence identity is calculated with regard to the full length of the sequence recited in the application.

The present invention provides for anti-HIV antibodies, either alone or in combination with other antibodies, which have broad neutralizing activity in serum and as isolated antibodies.

The term “polypeptide” should be read to include “peptide” and “protein” and vice versa. As used herein, “polypeptide” refers to an amino acid sequence of a recombinant or non-recombinant polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of i) a native polypeptide, ii) a biologically active fragment of an polypeptide, or iii) a biologically active variant of a polypeptide.

As used herein, the term “isolated” means a nucleic acid or an antibody which has been removed from its natural environment. Nucleic acids, peptides and proteins which have been “isolated” thus include nucleic acids and proteins purified by standard purification methods. The term also embraces nucleic acids, peptides and proteins prepared by recombinant expression in a host cell as well as chemically synthesized nucleic acids and/or polypeptides.

The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein to mean any animal that may have a need for the pharmaceutical compositions, treatments and vaccines described herein. Subjects and patients thus include, without limitation, primates (including humans), canines, felines, murines and other mammalian subjects. Preferably, the subjects are humans. As will be evidence from the context in which the term is used, subject and patient refer to a subject or patient susceptible to infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and/or a subject or patient who is infected with HIV.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the cross-reactive, broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the consensus amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:121. In yet another embodiment, the cross-reactive, broadly neutralising anti-HIV antibody comprises a light chain variable region comprising the consensus amino sequence of SEQ ID NO:122.

A further embodiment of the present invention provides for an isolated anti-HIV antibody comprising the heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 170, 178 or 186 and a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 171, 179 or 187 and an isolated anti-HIV antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 51, 55, 59, 172, 180 or 188 and a light chain variable sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 173, 181 or 189, or sequences having at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% identity thereto.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated anti-HIV antibody comprising one or both of the heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 51, 55, 59, 172, 180 or 188 and the light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 173, 181 or 189, and wherein the antibody neutralizes a panel of HIV virus strains at the IC₅₀ concentrations shown in Tables 3.1, 3.2 or 3.3.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated anti-HIV antibody selected from the group consisting of CAP256-VRC261-UCA, CAP256-VRC26-I1, CAP256-VRC26-12, CAP256-VRC26.01, CAP256-VRC26.02, CAP256-VRC26.03, CAP256-VRC26.04, CAP256-VRC26.05, CAP256-VRC26.06, CAP256-VRC26.07, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.09, CAP256-VRC26.10, CAP256-VRC26.11, CAP256-VRC26.12, CAP256-VRC26.13, CAP256-VRC26.14, CAP256-VRC26.15, CAP256-VRC26.16, CAP256-VRC26.17, CAP256-VRC26.18, CAP256-VRC26.19, CAP256-VRC26.20, CAP256-VRC26.21, CAP256-VRC26.22, CAP256-VRC26.23, CAP256-VRC26.24, CAP256-VRC26.25, CAP256-VRC26.26, CAP256-VRC26.27, CAP256-VRC26.28, CAP256-VRC26.29, CAP256-VRC26.30, CAP256-VRC26.31, CAP256-VRC26.32 and CAP256-VRC26.33.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated anti-HIV antibody comprising heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 regions and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 regions comprising the amino acids sequences of the corresponding regions of an HIV antibody selected from the group consisting of CAP256-VRC261-UCA, CAP256-VRC26-11, CAP256-VRC26-12, CAP256-VRC26.01, CAP256-VRC26.02, CAP256-VRC26.03, CAP256-VRC26.04, CAP256-VRC26.05, CAP256-VRC26.06, CAP256-VRC26.07, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.09, CAP256-VRC26.10, CAP256-VRC26.11, CAP256-VRC26.12, CAP256-VRC26.25, CAP256-VRC26.26 and CAP256-VRC26.27.

The present invention also provides for methods of making an isolated anti-HIV antibody comprising a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 170, 178 or 186 and a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 171, 179 or 187 and methods of producing an isolated anti-HIV antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 51, 55, 59, 172, 180 or 188 and the light chain variable sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 173, 181 or 189, or sequences having at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% identity thereto.

In another embodiment, the invention provides for isolated nucleic acids encoding the isolated anti-HIV antibodies, vectors and host cells containing the nucleic acids, and recombinant techniques for the production of the antibodies.

The invention also provides for polynucleotide variants that encode the peptide sequences of the heavy and light chains of the anti-HIV antibodies CAP256-VRC261-UCA, CAP256-VRC26-I1, CAP256-VRC26-12, CAP256-VRC26.01, CAP256-VRC26.02, CAP256-VRC26.03, CAP256-VRC26.04, CAP256-VRC26.05, CAP256-VRC26.06, CAP256-VRC26.07, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.09, CAP256-VRC26.10, CAP256-VRC26.11, CAP256-VRC26.12, CAP256-VRC26.25, CAP256-VRC26.26 and CAP256-VRC26.27. These polynucleotide variants may have at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or greater, sequence identity compared to a polynucleotide sequence of this invention, as determined using the methods described herein. Such contiguous sequences may encode a CDR sequence, or may encode a complete variable region. As is known in the art, a variable region sequence may be fused to any appropriate constant region sequence. One skilled in this art will recognize that these values can be appropriately adjusted to determine corresponding identity of proteins encoded by two nucleotide sequences by taking into account codon degeneracy, amino acid similarity, reading frame positioning, and the like.

The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein to refer to single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, DNA, or mixed polymers.

For recombinant production of the antibody, the nucleic acid encoding it is inserted into a vector for further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression. DNA encoding the antibodies of the invention was isolated according to the methods set out in the Examples. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that many vectors are available for use in the recombinant production of antibodies. Vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence.

The anti-HIV antibodies of this invention may also be produced recombinantly, for instance, as a fusion polypeptide with a heterologous or homologous polypeptide, which include a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide, an immunoglobulin constant region sequence, and the like. A heterologous signal sequence selected preferably may be one that is recognized and processed (i.e., cleaved by a signal peptidase) by the host cell. For prokaryotic host cells that do not recognize and process the native antibody signal sequence, the signal sequence is substituted by a prokaryotic signal sequence selected.

A nucleic acid is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, “operably linked” means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading frame. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice.

As used herein, the expressions “cell,” “cell line,” and “cell culture” are used interchangeably and all such designations include progeny. Thus, the words “transformants” and “transformed cells” include the primary subject cell and cultures derived therefrom without regard to the number of transfers. It is also understood that all progeny may not be precisely identical in DNA content, due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened for in the originally transformed cell are included. Where distinct designations are intended, it will be clear from the context.

Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA are prokaryotic, yeast, or higher eukaryotic cells. Host cells transformed with the above-described expression or cloning vectors for anti-HIV antibody production are cultured in conventional nutrient media, modified as appropriate, for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences. Antibody compositions prepared from the cells can be purified using purification techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Preferably, the nucleotide sequences and/or antibodies of the invention are administered to a subject in vivo, in order to produce an immunogenic response or provide a prophylactic effect in the subject. In some embodiments it may be desired to express the nucleic acids of the invention or administer the antibodies of the invention in a laboratory animal, such as for pre-clinical testing of the HIV-1 immunogenic or prophylactic compositions of the invention. In other embodiments, it will be desirable to express or administer the antibodies of the invention in human subjects, such as in clinical trials and for actual clinical use of the immunogenic or prophylactic compositions of the invention. In preferred embodiments the subject is a human, for example a human that is infected with, or is at risk of infection with, HIV-1.

According to another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating a mammal infected with a virus, such as, for example, HIV, comprising administering to said mammal a pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-HIV antibodies disclosed herein or nucleotide sequences expressing the anti-HIV antibodies disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, the method for treating a mammal infected with HIV comprises administering to said mammal a pharmaceutical composition that comprises an antibody of the present invention, or a fragment thereof. The compositions of the invention can include more than one antibody having the characteristics disclosed (for example, a plurality or pool of antibodies). It also can include other HIV neutralizing antibodies as are known in the art. According to a further embodiment, the method for treating a mammal infected with HIV comprises administering to said mammal a pharmaceutical composition that comprises nucleotide sequences expressing the anti-HIV antibody of the present invention, or a fragment thereof, vectors containing the nucleic acids and cells containing the vectors.

In in vivo applications the antibodies or nucleic acids of the invention are preferably administered as a component of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleotide sequences, vectors containing the nucleic acids, cells containing the vectors, and/or antibodies in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. When used for in vivo therapy, the nucleotide sequences, vectors containing the nucleic acids, cells containing the vectors and/or the antibodies of the invention are administered to the patient in therapeutically effective amounts. The nucleotide sequences, vectors containing the nucleic acids, cells containing the vectors and/or antibodies are administered to a human patient, in accord with methods known in the art, such as, but not limited to intravenous administration.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” is used herein to define a solid or liquid composition in a form, concentration and level of purity suitable for administration to a patient upon which administration it can elicit physiological changes which treat and/or ameliorate the effects of infection with HIV.

The pharmaceutical composition may further be used as one or more components of a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine against HIV-1 and for the prevention, amelioration or treatment of AIDS. The nucleic acids and vectors of the invention are particularly useful for providing genetic vaccines, i.e. vaccines for delivering the nucleic acids encoding the antibodies of the invention to a subject, such as a human, such that the antibodies are expressed in the subject in order to elicit an immune response and/or to provide direct protection against HIV-1 infection. Alternatively, the antibodies of the invention may be administered to the subject in order to elicit an immune response against HIV-1 and/or to provide direct protection against HIV-1 infection.

Antibodies of the invention, nucleotide sequences, vectors containing the nucleic acids, and/or cells containing the vectors may be administered to the subject by any suitable means, including parenteral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, and intranasal administration. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof can either be administered alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, for instance a second human antibody or antigen binding portion thereof. In one example, the second antibody or antigen binding portion thereof specifically binds to a second HIV epitope that differs from the epitope bound to the first antibody. In another example, the antibody is administered together with another agent, for example, an antiviral agent. Antiviral agents include, but are not limited to, for instance: Abacavir, Aciclovir, Adefovir, Amantadine, Amprenavir, Ampligen, Aplaviroc, Arbidol, Atazanavir, Atripla, Boceprevir, Cidofovir, Combivir, Darunavir, Delavirdine, Didanosine, Docosanol, Edoxudine, Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Enfuvirtide, Entecavir, Entry inhibitors, Famciclovir, Fomivirsen, Fosamprenavir, Foscarnet, Fosfonet, Fusion inhibitor, Ganciclovir, Ibacitabine, Imunovir, Idoxuridine, Imiquimod, Indinavir, Inosine, Integrase inhibitor, Interferon I, II or III, Lamivudine, Lopinavir, Loviride, Maraviroc, Moroxydine, Methisazone, Nelfinavir, Nevirapine, Nexavir, Nucleoside analogues, Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Peginterferon alfa-2a, Penciclovir, Peramivir, Pleconaril, Podophyllotoxin, Protease inhibitor, Raltegravir, Reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Ribavirin, Rimantadine, Ritonavir, Pyramidine, Saquinavir, Stavudine, Tenofovir, Tenofovir disoproxil, Tipranavir, Trifluridine, Trizivir, Tromantadine, Truvada, Valaciclovir (Valtrex), Valganciclovir, Vicriviroc, Vidarabine, Viramidine, Vicriviroc, Zalcitabine, Zanamivir (Relenza) or Zidovudine or any combination thereof.

For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of antibody, nucleotide sequences, vectors containing the nucleic acids, and/or cells containing the vectors will depend on the type of disease to be treated, the severity and course of the disease, whether the antibody, nucleotide sequences, vectors containing the nucleic acids, and/or cells containing the vectors are administered for preventive purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the antibody, and the discretion of the attending physician. The antibody, nucleotide sequences, vectors containing the nucleic acids, and/or cells containing the vectors are suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments.

The term “effective dose” or “effective dosage” is defined as an amount sufficient to achieve or at least partially achieve the desired effect. The term “therapeutically effective dose” is defined as an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest a disease and its symptoms and effects in a patient suffering from the disease. The effective dose for use is dependent upon the severity of the disorder being treated and the general state of the subject's immune system.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more antibodies of the invention are prepared for storage by mixing the antibody having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers, in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. The antibody composition will be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners. The “therapeutically effective amount” of the antibody to be administered will be governed by such considerations, and is the minimum amount necessary to reduce virus titer in an infected individual.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more nucleic acids encoding antibodies of the invention, vectors containing the nucleic acids, and/or cells containing the vectors are prepared for storage by mixing the nucleic acids, vectors or cells having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers, in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. The composition will be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners. The “therapeutically effective amount” of the nucleic acids, vectors or cells to be administered will be governed by such considerations, and is the minimum amount necessary to reduce virus titer in an infected individual.

In another embodiment of the invention the antibodies of the invention may be used in a diagnostic composition. A diagnostic composition is a composition containing a compound or antibody, e.g., a labelled compound or antibody, that is used to detect the presence in a sample, such as a biological sample, of an antibody that binds to the compound or an immunogen, antigen or epitope that binds to the antibody; for instance, an anti-HIV antibody or an HIV immunogen, antigen or epitope.

In another embodiment of the invention, an article of manufacture, such as a kit, containing materials useful for the treatment of the disorders described above is provided. The article of manufacture comprises a container and a label. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a composition which is effective for treating the condition and may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). The active agent in the composition is one or more antibodies in a formulation of the invention as described above. The label on, or associated with, the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice. The article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringers solution and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

Study Subject

CAPRISA participant CAP256 was enrolled into the CAPRISA Acute Infection study (van Loggerenberg et al. 2008) that was established in 2004 in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa for follow-up and subsequent identification of HIV seroconversion. CAP256 was one of the 7 women in this cohort who developed neutralization breadth (Gray et al. 2011). The CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection study was reviewed and approved by the research ethics committees of the University of KwaZulu-Natal (E013/04), the University of Cape Town (025/2004), and the University of the Witwatersrand (MM040202). CAP256 provided written informed consent for study participation.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

Example 1

Isolation and expression of CAP256-VRC26 family genes PBMC isolated from CAP256 blood draws at weeks 59, 119, and 206 were stained and sorted for IgG⁺ B cells on a FACS Aria II (Georgiev et al. 2013). Cells were plated at 2 B cells/well in 384 well plates and cultured for 14 days in the presence of IL-2, IL-21, and CD40L-expressing irradiated feeder cells, (Huang et al. (2012), (2013). Culture supernatants were screened by microneutralization as described in (Doria-Rose et al, 2013. Protocol Exchange, in press) against HIV-1 ZM53.12 and CAP45.G3 Env-pseudoviruses. The numbers of screened wells are in Table 1. Kappa and lambda light chain gene and IgG heavy chain gene variable regions were amplified from neutralization positive wells, subcloned, expressed, and purified (Georgiev et al. 2013). Heavy chains were reconstituted as IgG₁. One antibody was recovered from week 59, 8 from week 119, and 3 from week 206.

TABLE 1 Summary of B cell cloning from donor CAP256 Week of PBMC 59 119 206 Total B cells plated (2/well) 15000 45000 42000 % of IgG positive wells         8.3%      48%      29% # neutralization-positive wells     4    49    34 # antibodies recovered     1     8     3

Example 2

Neutralization Assays

Single round of replication Env-pseudoviruses were prepared, titered, and used to infect TZM-bl target cells (Shu et al. 2007, Montefiori et al. 2009). Neutralization breadth of CAP256-VRC26.08 and 0.25 were determined using a panel of 195 geographically and genetically diverse Env-pseudoviruses representing the major subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (Georgiev et al. 2013, Wu et al. 2010). The data were calculated as a reduction in luminescence units compared with control wells, and reported as 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) in micrograms per microlitre for monoclonal antibodies, or reciprocal dilution (ID₅₀) for plasma samples.

Neutralization Correlations

The correlations between the neutralization fingerprints of the CAP256-VRC26 antibodies and the neutralization patterns of four longitudinal serum timepoints (at 59, 106, 159, and 220 weeks post infection) were computed over a set of 29 HIV-1 strains (6535.3, AC10.29, CAAN.A2, CAP210.E8, CAP244.D3, CAP45.G3, DU156.12, DU172.17, DU422.01, PVO.04, Q168.a2, Q23.17, Q259.d2.17, Q461.e2, Q769.d22, Q842.d12, QH0692.42, REJO.67, RHPA.7, SC422.8, THRO.18, TRJO.58, TRO.11, WITO.33, ZM109.4, ZM135.10a, ZM197.7, ZM233.6, ZM53.12) (Georgiev et al. 2013). The correlations between the neutralization potencies of the CAP256-VRC26 antibodies and a reference set of antibodies targeting the four major sites of vulnerability, with at most two antibodies per unique donor, were computed over a set of 41 HIV-1 strains (6535.3, 0260.v5.c36, 6405.v4.c34, AC10.29, C1080.c3, CAAN.A2, CAP210.E8, CAP244.D3, CAP45.G3, CNE3, DU156.12, DU172.17, DU422.01, KER2008.12, KER2018.11, MB201.A1, MB539.2B7, PVO.04, Q168.a2, Q23.17, Q259.17, Q461.e2, Q769.d22, Q842.d12, QH0692.42, REJO.67, RHPA.7, RW020.2, SC422.8, TH976.17, THRO.18, TRJO.58, TRO.11, UG037.8, WITO.33, ZM109.4, ZM135.10a, ZM197.7, ZM214.15, ZM249.1, ZM53.12). The correlations between the neutralization patterns of the four longitudinal serum time points and the neutralization fingerprints of the reference antibodies were computed over a set of 28 HIV-1 strains (6535.3, AC10.29, CAAN.A2, CAP210.E8, CAP244.D3, CAP45.G3, DU156.12, DU172.17, DU422.01, PVO.04, Q168.a2, Q23.17, Q259.17, Q461.e2, Q769.d22, Q842.d12, QH0692.42, REJO.67, RHPA.7, SC422.8, THRO.18, TRJO.58, TRO.11, WITO.33, ZM109.4, ZM135.10a, ZM197.7, ZM53.12). For the reference antibodies, data from multiple neutralization experiments was averaged and consolidated. All correlations are based on the Spearman rank coefficient.

Virus-Like Particle ELISA

VLP ELISAs were performed as described in Tong et al. (2012). Briefly, VLPs were produced by PEI-based cotransfection of 293T cells with a pCAGGS-based, Env-expressing plasmid and the Env-deficient HIV-1 genomic backbone plasmid pNL-LucR-E-. VLPs were coated on ELISA wells at 20× the concentration in transfection supernatants. MAb binding was then assessed by ELISA, omitting detergent in PBS wash buffers and probing with an anti-human Fc alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Accurate, Westbury, N.Y.) and SigmaFAST p-nitrophenyl phosphate tablets (Sigma). Plates were read at 405 nm.

Cell-Surface Env Binding

293T cells were transiently transfected with Env ZM53.12 with a deletion of the cytoplasmic tail (Pancera & Wyatt (2005)). After 2 days, the cells were stained with ViVid viability dye (Invitrogen) followed by biotinylated CAP256-VRC26.01 (10 ug/ml) or CAP256-VRC26.08 (0.8 μg/ml) premixed with serially diluted unlabeled competitor antibodies. After incubation and 2 washes, cells were stained with streptavidin-PE (Invitrogen) at 1:200 dilution. Cells were analyzed on a BD LSRII (Becton Dickinson). Binding was measured as the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) for each sample minus the MFI of cells stained with streptavidin-PE only.

Example 3

Polyreactivity Analysis of Antibodies

Antibody binding to cardiolipin was determined as described in Haynes et al. (2005). Briefly, using the QUANTA Lite ACA IgG III ELISA kit (Zeus Scientific) per manufacturer's protocol, each antibody was diluted to 100 μg/ml in the kit sample diluent and tested in 3-fold serial dilutions. Results shown are representative of at least two independent ELISAs. Positive and negative controls were included on each plate, and values three times above background were considered positive. Antibody reactivity to a human epithelial cell line (HEp-2) was determined with the ANA/HEp-2 Cell Culture IFA Test System (Zeus Scientific) per manufacturer's protocol. Antibodies were diluted to 50 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml in ZOBRA-NS diluent. Positive and negative controls were included on each slide. Antibodies were scored negative, indeterminate, or positive (1+ to 4+) at each dilution. Results are representative of at least two independent experiments.

Example 4

Next-Gen Sequencing

Amplicon for next-generation sequencing was prepared according to the methods of Wu et al. (2011) and Zhu et al. (2012) with slight modifications as indicated. Briefly, mRNA was prepared from 10-15 million PBMC using an Oligotex kit (Qiagen). cDNA was synthesized using Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) and oligo-dT(12-18) primers. Individual PCR reactions were performed with Phusion polymerase for 30 cycles. Primers (Table S NDRx) consisted of pools of 5-7 oligonucleotides specific for all lambda gene families or VH3 family genes, and had adapters for 454 next generation sequencing. For week 176 only, heavy-chain PCR was performed with primers for all VH families, and mixed lambda and kappa primers were used for light chain (Table 2). PCR products were gelpurified (Qiagen). Pyrosequencing of the PCR products was performed on a GSFLX sequencing instrument (Roche-454 Life Sciences, Bradford, Conn., USA) on a half chip per reaction (full chips for week 176). On average, ˜250,000 raw reads were produced.

TABLE 2 PCR Primers used to prepare amplicon for 454 pyrosequencing (A) primers used for all time points except week 176 (B) primers used for week 176 sample only (A) Chain Primer Name Primer Sequence SEQ ID NO: Primers used for all time points except week 176 Heavy Chain: VH3 5′ pool only XLR-A_VH3 LEADER-A CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 123 TAAAAGGTGTCCAGTGT XLR-A_VH3 LEADER-B CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 124 TAAGAGGTGTCCAGTGT XLR-A_VH3 LEADER-C CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 125 TAGAAGGTGTCCAGTGT XLR-A_VH3 LEADER-D CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 126 GCTATTTTTAAAGGTGTCCAGTGT XLR-A_VH3 LEADER-E CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 127 TACAAGGTGTCCAGTGT XLR-A_VH3 LEADER-F CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 128 TTAAAGCTGTCCAGTGT 3′ pool XLR-B_3xwCgammaCH1-2 CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG SEQ ID NO: 129 GGGGAAGACCGATGGGCCCTTGGT XLR-B_3CmuCH1 CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG SEQ ID NO: 130 GGGAATTCTCACAGGAGACGA Lambda Chain 5′ pool XLR-A_5L-VL1/2 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 131 GCACAGGGTCCTGGGCCCAGTCTG XLR-A_5L-VL3 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 132 GCTCTGTGACCTCCTATGAGCTG   XLR-A_5L-VL4/5 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 133 GGTCTCTCTCSCAGCYTGTGCTG XLR-A_5L-VL6 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 134 GTTCTTGGGCCAATTTTATGCTG XLR-A_5L-VL7/8 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 135 GAGTGGATTCTCAGACTGTGGTG XLR-A_5MP-VL1 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 136 GCTCACTGCACAGGGTCCTGGGCC XLR-A_5MP-VL3-1 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 137 GCTTACTGCACAGGATCCGTGGCC XLR-A_5MP-VL3-19 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 138 ACTCTTTGCATAGGTTCTGTGGTT XLR-A_5MP-VL3-21 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 139 TCTCACTGCACAGGCTCTGTGACC XLR-A_5MP-VL7-43 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 140 ACTTGCTGCCCAGGGTCCAATTC 3′ primer XLR-B_3CL CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG SEQ ID NO: 141 CACCAGTGTGGCCTTGTTGGCTTG (B) Chain Primer Name Primer Sequence SEQ ID NO: Primers used for week 176 sample only Heavy Chain: Vh_all 5′ pool XLR-A_5L-VH1 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 142 ACAGGTGCCCACTCCCAGGTGCAG XLR-A_5L-VH3 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 143 AAGGTGTCCAGTGTGARGTGCAG   XLR-A_5L-VH4/6 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 144 CCCAGATGGGTCCTGTCCCAGGTGCAG XLR-A_5L-VH5 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 145 CAAGGAGTCTGTTCCGAGGTGCAG XLR-A_5xwL-VH1 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 146 GCAGCCACAGGTGCCCACTCC XLR-A_5xwL-VH1-24 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 147 CAGCAGCTACAGGCACCCACGC XLR-A_5xwL-VH1-69 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 148 GGCAGCAGCTACAGGTGTCCAGTCC XLR-A_VH3-L1-MP CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 149 GCTATTTTAAAAGGTGTCCAATGT XLR-A_VH3/4-1_1-MP CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 150 GTGGCAGCTCCCAGATGGGTCCTGTC XLR-A_VH3/4-L3-MP CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 151 GTTGCAGTTTTAAAAGGTGTCCAGTG XLR-A_VH5-L1-MP CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 152 GCTGTTCTCCAAGGAGTCTGTTCC Light Chains 5′ pool (kappa + lambda) XLR-A_5xwL-VIE1/2 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 153 ATGAGGSTCCCYGCTCAGCTCCTGGG XLR-A_5L-VK3 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 154 CTCTTCCTCCTGCTACTCTGGCTCCCAG XLR-A_5L-VK4 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 155 ATTTCTCTGTTGCTCTGGATCTCTG XLR-A_5L-VL1/2 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 156 GCACAGGGTCCTGGGCCCAGTCTG XLR-A_5L-VL3 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG 8E0 ID NO: 157 GCTCTGTGACCTCCTATGAGCTG XLR-A_5L-VL4/5 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 158 GGTCTCTCTCSCAGCYTGTGCTG XLR-A_5L-VL6 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 159 GTTCTTGGGCCAATTTTATGCTG XLR-A_5L-VL7/8 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 160 GAGTGGATTCTCAGACTGTGOTG XLR-A_5MP-VL1 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 161 GCTCACTGCACAGGGTCCTGGGCC XLR-A_5MP-VL3-1 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 162 GCTTACTGCACAGGATCCGTGGCC XLR-A_5MP-VL3-19 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 163 ACTCTTTGCATAGGTTCTGTGGTT XLR-A_5MP-VL3-21 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 164 TCTCACTGCACAGGCTCTGTGACC XLR-A_5MP-VL7-43 CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 165 ACTTGCTGCCCAGGGTCCAATTC 3′pool XLR-B_3xwCk1 CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG SEQ ID NO: 166 CAGCAGGCACACAACAGAGGCAGTTCC XLR-B_3CL CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG SEQ ID NO: 167 CACCAGTGTGGCCTTGTTGGCTTG

Antibodyomics Pipeline

Raw 454 data was processed using a pipeline implemented in Python, similar to one we reported previously (Zhu et al. 2013). Briefly, reads were filtered for length, keeping only those between 300 and 600 nucleotides. Germline V genes were then assigned to each read using BLAST with empirically optimized parameters. Reads for which no V gene match was found with an e-value <10-10 were discarded. For reads assigned to any VH3-30 or VL1-51 allele, (the CAP256-VRC26 germline genes), ClustalW2 (Larkin et al. 2007) was used to calculate the sequence identity to the germline and each isolated antibody. These data were plotted as density heat maps using ggplot2 in R to produce identity-divergence plots (not shown).

Finding Clonally Related Sequences

Reads that were assigned to the same V genes as CAP256-VRC26, VH3-30 and VL1-51, were submitted to IMGT High-Vquest (Alamyar (2012)) (http://www.imgt.org/IMGTindex/IMGTHighV-QUEST.html), and the results, including automated sequence corrections, were used to further sieve for lineage-related sequences. Reads assigned to J genes matching CAP256-VRC26 (JH3*02 or JL1*01), and having similar divergence (+/−15%) in the V and J genes, similar (+/−10%) nucleotide and amino acid divergences in the V gene, and containing a continuous open reading frame throughout the entire variable region, were selected for further processing. Next, reads from all time points were pooled and clustered at 97.25% sequence identity (twice the standard deviation of expected 454 sequencing error) (Zhu et al. 2012) using CDHit (Li et al. 2001). For each cluster, a representative sequence was chosen from the earliest possible time point. The choice of cluster representatives from the earliest time points at which they appeared was critical to maintaining information on the chronology of lineage development in subsequent analyses. This procedure yielded 8,485 unique heavy chain and 6,410 unique light chain sequences.

To identify CAP256-VRC26 lineage-member heavy chains, we performed intra-donor phylogenetic analysis (Zhu et al. 2012) on the unique 454 sequence set using the heavy chain sequences of the 12 isolated CAP256-VRC26 antibodies. 707 sequences were identified as likely lineage members, of which 27 were discarded after manual inspection, resulting in a total of 680 unique CAP256-VRC26 lineage heavy chain sequences.

To identify light chain lineage members, a sieve requiring at least 92% sequence identity in CDR L3 to one of the isolated antibodies resulted in 495 sequences. Joinsolver (Souto-Carneiro (2004)) was used to examine the V-J junctions of these sequences in detail, to ensure that the recombination points matched those known for the isolated antibodies. This gave a total of 472 unique CAP256-VRC26 lineage light chain sequences.

Computation of Phylogenetic Trees

MEGA5 (Tamura et al. 2011) was used to select GTR+G as the best mathematical model for building a maximum-likelihood tree from the CAP256-VRC26 lineage sequences. FASTML (Ashkenazy et al. 2012) was then used to estimate the gamma parameter and build separate maximum likelihood trees for heavy and light chain sequences (including the isolated antibodies) and these were rooted on the germline V gene sequences. Two branches of the light chain tree were manually moved to match their positioning in the heavy chain tree based on the evidence from trees constructed solely with the 12 isolated antibodies. Analysis with DNAML and PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.6 (Felsenstein, J. 2005. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.6. Distributed by the author. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle) showed that these rearrangements did not significantly alter the log-likelihood score of the tree.

To create a condensed version of the heavy chain phylogenetic tree, CDR H3 sequences were clustered using a 95% sequence identity threshold and requiring that all CDR H3s in a cluster have the same length. Isolated antibodies and monophyletic clusters with at least five members were represented by a single leaf, while all other sequences were removed from the tree. In cases were an internal node was deleted, branch lengths above and below that node were summed, so that the tree depths of all remaining sequences were maintained.

UCA and Inferred Intermediates

The DNAML maximum likelihood software package (http://cmgm.stanford.edu/phylip/dnaml.html) was used to infer ancestral sequences from phylogenetic trees of all heavy and all light chain lineage members (FIG. 3 and FIGS. 6 and 7), including the isolated antibodies. The calculated heavy chain UCA was identical to the germline VH3-30*18 allele. Although the VH3-30*03 allele is only one nucleotide different, germline sequencing of this donor showed that she carries the *18 allele and not the *03 allele (Catherine Mitchell, personal communication).

To test intermediates in the development of CAP256-VRC26.01, two internal nodes were chosen from the phylogenetic trees to be approximately equally spaced in terms of evolutionary distance and the inferred sequences were retrieved using DNAML. Successful complementation of inferred heavy and light chains for each intermediate suggests that the lineage is well sampled by the 454 data and that the calculated phylogenetic trees successfully capture the coupled evolutionary dynamics of heavy and light chains.

Logograms for CDRH3s were generated with Weblogo (Crooks et al. 2004).

Example 5

Crystallization

VRC26.UCA Fab was prepared by digesting purified IgG with Lys-C at 37° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of Complete protease inhibitors. For VRC26.01, VRC26.03, VRC26.04, VRC26.06, VRC26.07 and VRC26.10 Fab preparation, an HRV3C recognition site (GLEVLFQGP) was inserted after Lys235 and purified IgG was incubated with HRV3C protease overnight at 4° C. For all, the digested antibodies were passed over Protein A agarose to remove the Fc fragment. The Fab was further purified over a Superdex 200 gel filtration column and concentrated aliquots were stored at −80° C. All Fabs were screened against 576 crystallization conditions using a Cartesian Honeybee crystallization robot. Initial crystals were grown by the vapour diffusion method in sitting drops at 20° C. by mixing 0.2 μl of protein complex with 0.2 μl of reservoir solution. Crystals were manually reproduced in hanging drops by mixing 1.0 μl protein complex with 1.0 μl reservoir solution. VRC26-UCA was crystallized with a reservoir solution of 27% PEG 8000 and 0.1M Hepes pH 7.5 and was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen with 20% PEG 400 as a cryoprotectant. VRC26.01 was crystallized with a reservoir solution of 32% PEG 400, 4% PEG 3350 and 0.1M Na Acetate pH 5.5 and was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen with 20% ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant. VRC26.03 was crystallized with a reservoir solution of 22% PEG 8000, 5% MPD and 0.1M imidazole pH 6.5 and was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen with 20% xylitol as a cryoprotectant. VRC26.04 was crystallized with a reservoir solution of 14% PEG 3350, 25% ispropanol and 0.1M Tris pH 8.5 and was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen with 20% ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant. VRC26.06 was crystallized with a reservoir solution of 3M Na formate and 0.1M Tris pH 7.5 and was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen with 20% xylitol as a cryoprotectant. VRC26.07 was crystallized with a reservoir solution of 4% PEG 8000, 0.1M Zn acetate and 0.1M MES pH 6 and was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen with 20% glycerol as a cryoprotectant. VRC26.10 was crystallized with a reservoir solution of 22% PEG 4000, 0.4M Na Acetate and 0.1 M Tris pH 7.5 and was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen with no cryoprotectant.

Data for all crystals were collected at a wavelength of 1.00 Å at SER-CAT beamlines ID-22 and BM-22 (Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory). All diffraction data were processed with the HKL2000 suite (Otwinowski & Minor (1997)) and model building and refinement were performed in COOT (Emsley & Cowtan (2004)) and PHENIX (Adams et al. 2004), respectively. For VRC26.03 Fab data, a molecular replacement solution consisting of one Fab molecule per asymmetric unit was obtained using PHASER with a search model from PDB ID 3F12. VRC26.03 then served as a search model for all remaining VRC26 Fabs. Throughout the refinement processes, a cross validation (Rfree) test set consisting of 5% of the data was used and hydrogen atoms were included in the refinement model. Structure validations were performed periodically during the model building/refinement process with MolProbity (Davis et al. 2004). All graphical representation with protein crystal structures were made with Pymol (DeLano Scientific, San Carlos, Calif. (2002)).

Example 6

Structure Modeling (Spike and V1V2, and 11 and 12)

Defined locations of the V1V2, V3-glycan and CD4-binding sites were mapped directly onto EM density of the unliganded HIV-1 BAL spike (EMD-5019) (Liu et al. 2008) using the software package UCSF Chimera (Pettersen et al. 2004). The CD4-binding site was defined by aligning density of the VRC01-bound BAL spike (EMD-5457) (Tran et al. 2012) with the unliganded map and fitting a crystal structure of VRC01-bound gp120 (PDB id 3NGB) (Zhou et al. 2010) to the density. EM density in close proximity to the Fab structure was colored to highlight the region of contact. The same procedure was used to define the V3-glycan region using a PGT128-bound trimer (EMD-1970) and crystal structure (PDB id 3TYG) (Pejchal et al. 2011) and the V1V2 region using the PG9-bound BG505 SOSIP trimer (EMD-2241) (Julien et al. 2013) and a crystal structure of V1V2-bound PG9 (PDB id 3U4E) (McClellan et al. 2011). The fit of the PG9-V1V2 crystal structure to the SOSIP trimer was used to model the trimeric orientation of V1V2 using the 3-fold symmetry of the HIV-1 spike.

Two intermediates were calculated at approximately equal maturation distance along the VRC26-UCA to VRC26.01 pathway. Mutations associated with the intermediates were mapped directly onto the structure of VRC26.01. 14 of the 35 residues in the VRC26.01 structure are disordered and were modelled with Loopy (Soto et al. 2008) and represented as grey dots. Mutations of the intermediates were coloured according to approximate time of occurrence based on the longitudinal phylogenetic tree highlighting the timeline of the structural development.

Tyrosine sulfation predictions were carried out in GPS-TPS (Pan et al, http://tsp.biocuckoo.org).

Example 7

Single Genome Amplification, Sequencing and Cloning

HIV-1 RNA was isolated from plasma using the Qiagen QIAamp Viral RNA kit, and reverse transcribed to cDNA using SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, CA). The envelope genes were amplified from single genome templates (Salazar-Gonzalez (2008)) and amplicons were directly sequenced using the ABI PRISM Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) and resolved on an ABI 3100 automated genetic analyzer. The full-length env sequences were assembled and edited using Sequencher v.4.5 software (Genecodes, Ann Arbor, Mich.). Multiple sequence alignments were performed using Clustal X (ver. 1.83) and edited with BioEdit (ver. 7.0.9) Sequence alignments were visualized using Highlighter for Amino Acid Sequences v1.1.0 (beta).

For analysis of selection pressure, and to account for recombination between the SU and PI, sequences were partitioned into two alignments (an SU-related, and a PI-related alignment) based on the inferred recombination breakpoints using an in-house script. Breakpoints were identified by a shift in identity from one reference towards the other, and required at least two sequential polymorphisms in common with a corresponding PI/SU-related virus in order to be considered. Phylogenies for both alignments were then reconstructed using FastTree (Price et al. 2010) with a GTR+CAT model, and rooted on the PI/SU. Signals of selective pressure were detected with MEME (episodic diversifying selection) (Murrell et al. 2012) and DEPS (directional selection) (Kosakovsky et al. 2008) using the FastTree-generated trees, implemented in Hyphy (Pond et al. 2005).

The frequencies of specific amino acids at a site and the distribution of net charges in the V2 epitope were calculated from the 2012 filtered web alignment (N=3990) from the Los Alamos HIV database (http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/).

Selected envelope amplicons were cloned into the expression vector pcDNA 3.1 (directional) (Invitrogen) by re-amplification of SGA first-round products using Pfu Ultra II enzyme (Stratagene) with the EnvM primer, 5′-TAG CCC TTC CAG TCC CCC CTT TTC TTT TA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:168) (Gao et al. 1996) and directional primer, EnvAstop, 5′-CAC CGG CTT AGG CAT CTC CTA TGG CAG GAA GAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:169) (Kraus et al. 2010). Cloned env genes were sequenced to confirm that they exactly matched the sequenced amplicon. Autologous clones were mutated at key residues within the C-strand using the Stratagene QuickChange II kit (Stratagene) as described by the manufacturer. Mutations were confirmed by sequencing. Envelope clones were used to generate single round of replication Env-pseudoviruses as described above.

Example 8

Isolation of Potent Neutralizing Antibodies from Donor CAP256

The CAPRISA acute infection cohort comprises high-risk women tested monthly for HIV-1 infection; 62 seroconverted and were enrolled in a long-term longitudinal study with regular blood draws. Plasma from seven seroconverters could neutralize over 40% of HIV-1 strains after 3 years of infection (Gray et al. 2011). Mapping of these antibody responses indicated most to be glycan-dependent, either targeting glycan N160 in V1V2 region, or glycan N332 in the third variable region (V3) (Gray et al. 2011). Of these, the V1V2 responses were the most broad and potent, notably in donor CAP256 whose plasma titers exceeded 1:40,000 against some viruses (Gray et al. 2011, Moore et al. 2011 and Moore et al. 2013).

Blood memory B cells from donor CAP256 were used to isolate 33 monoclonal antibodies at 59, 119 and 206 weeks post-infection by high-throughput B cell culture, functional screening by microneutralization, and reverse transcription-PCR to recover antibody variable regions (Huang et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2013 and Tiller et al. 2008) (Table 1). These antibodies, named CAP256-VRC26.01-33, were subcloned and reconstituted as IgG, antibodies. All 33 were somatically related and distinguished by exceptionally long CDR H3s of 35-37 amino acids (Kabat numbering) (Kabat et al. 1991) (FIG. 1). Both heavy and lambda chains showed somatic mutation of 4-15% from their germline encoded V-genes: Vλ1-51*02 for the light chain and VH3-30*18 for the heavy chain. The 33 antibodies showed varying degrees of heterologous virus neutralization, with a range of breadth and potency (FIG. 1 and Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3). They were extremely potent on many strains, especially subtype A and C viruses, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) in the nanomolar range. The broadest, CAP256-VRC26.25, was ˜12% mutated from the germline VH gene and neutralized 63% of a 194-virus panel of global isolates with a geometric mean IC₅₀ of 0.03 μg/ml (FIG. 9). The earliest antibody, CAP256-VRC26.01, isolated at week 59 when plasma titers were low, showed cross-clade neutralization of 20% (FIG. 1, Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3) despite having diverged only ˜8% from germline VH and less than 4% from germline light chain (FIG. 1).

Example 9

CAP256-VRC26 Antibodies Recognize V1V2 Strands B and C

To understand the relationship between neutralization by CAP256 plasma and by antibodies of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage, we determined neutralization fingerprints for each of the 33 isolated antibodies and compared them to neutralization fingerprints of plasma from CAP256 years 1-4. These fingerprints were highly correlated; furthermore the combination of all 33 antibodies recapitulated the neutralization breadth of the plasma (FIG. 10). Neutralization fingerprints of CAP256-VRC26 antibodies were also compared to those of previously characterized HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies directed against the major sites of HIV-1 vulnerability. Strong correlation was observed with PG9 and other V1V2-directed broadly neutralizing antibodies, but not with antibodies targeting other HIV-1 Env regions. Notably, CAP256-VRC26 antibodies showed no binding to any of 23 constructs of gp120, gp140, or scaffolded V1V2) similar to other V1V2 directed neutralizing antibodies. However, they showed strong binding to virus-like particles and cell-surface expressed gp160 (FIG. 2), indicating a high degree of specificity for the native quaternary conformation of Env. To determine the antibody competition group, we therefore used a cell-surface-Env binding assay. Binding of CAP256-VRC26.08 (FIG. 2) and CAP256-VRC26.01 to cell-surface gp160 was competed by the V1V2-directed antibody PG9, and weakly by the V3-glycan antibody PGT121, but not by MPER-directed or CD4-binding site-directed antibodies.

We then focused on strands B and C of the four-stranded V1V2 domain, both because residues of these strands were previously shown to be required for neutralization by the donor CAP256 plasma (Moore et al. 2011 and Moore et al. 2013) and because V1V2-directed neutralizing antibodies depend on strands B and C (McClellan et al. 2011, Pancera et al. 2013 and Doria-Rosa et al. 2012). We tested CAP256-VRC26 antibodies for neutralization of a virus with the consensus clade C Env sequence (ConC) and variants containing a series of V1V2 strand B and C point mutants (FIG. 2). Neutralization was ablated by R166A and K169E mutations, which had previously been shown to abrogate neutralization by CAP256 plasma (Moore et al. 2011). Other residues had modest effects that varied between the CAP256-VRC26 family members. For example, unlike the PG9 class of V1V2-directed antibodies, the CAP256-VRC26 antibodies were partially and variably sensitive to the loss of glycans at N160 as well as N156 (FIG. 2). To corroborate these results, we used a pair of viruses designed for a gain of sensitivity to existing well-characterized broadly neutralizing V1V2 antibodies (Doria-Rosa et al. 2012). As expected, HIV-1 strain 6405 was highly resistant to CAP256-VRC26 antibodies (FIG. 2b , bottom left). The gain-of-function mutant of 6405, containing 5 amino acid changes in the strand B-C region (FIG. 2b , bottom right), was neutralized by 11 of the 12 CAP256-VRC26 antibodies (FIG. 2b , bottom). Mapping these mutations to a model of the V1V2 region in the functional viral spike 37 indicated the recognized epitope to be close to the trimer axis, providing a structural explanation for the observed quaternary specificity.

TABLE 3.1 Neutralization of autologous (CAP256-PI and CAP256-SU) and 46 heterologous viruses by CAP256-VRC26.01 - CAP256- VRC26.12 mAbs. Neutralization of each mAb was measured using a TZM-bl assay. Geometric mean was calculated for values <50 μg/ml. IC₅₀ CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- VRC26.01 VRC26.02 VRC26.03 VRC26.04 VRC26.05 VRC26.06 Autologous CAP256.PI >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP256.SU 0.140 0.015 0.004 0.003 0.007 0.055 Heterologous CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- by clade IC₅₀ VRC26.01 VRC26.02 VRC26.03 VRC26.04 VRC26.05 VRC26.06 C 96ZM651.02 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP210.E8 0.217 0.062 0.011 0.005 0.013 0.729 CAP244.D3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP45.G3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 DU156.12 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 DU172.17 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 DU422.01 >50 >50 0.134 4.170 >50 >50 ZM109.4 >50 >50 >50 >50 26.500 >50 ZM135.10a >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM197.7 10.400 1.970 0.160 0.254 0.113 >50 ZM214.15 >50 >50 1.500 >50 >50 >50 ZM233.6 >50 0.701 0.032 0.060 0.003 >50 ZM249.1 >50 >50 0.039 11.400 >50 >50 ZM53.12 0.103 0.043 0.008 0.004 0.012 0.222 A 0.260.v5.c36 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 BG505.w6m >50 >50 4.760 8.430 >50 >50 KER2008.12 30.900 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 KER2018.11 8.100 0.180 0.003 0.008 0.012 >50 MB201 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 MB539.2B7 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q168.a2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q23.17 >50 >50 >50 23.600 >50 >50 Q259.d2.17 >50 >50 0.014 0.025 0.023 >50 Q461.e2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q769.d22 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q842.d12 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 RW020.2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 UG037.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 B 6535.3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AC10.29 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 0.022 CAAN.A2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 PVO.04 >50 7.980 >50 >50 44.400 0.308 QH0692.42 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 REJO.67 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 RHPA.7 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 SC422.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 0.178 THRO.18 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 4.250 TRJO.58 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRO.11 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 WITO.33 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 0.003 D 191821.E6.1 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 3016.V5.c36 9.630 0.057 0.118 0.283 0.011 >50 6405.v4.c34 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AE C1080.c3 >50 >50 0.119 0.212 >50 >50 CM244.ec1 3.320 2.030 0.003 0.361 0.517 >50 CNE3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TH976.17 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 nonHIV SIVmac251.30 >50 >50 % breadth 19% 17% 36% 30% 21% 17% geomean 1.88 0.40 0.08 0.32 0.10 0.38 IC₅₀ (ug/ml) # neut 9 8 17 14 10 8 IC₅₀ CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- VRC26.07 VRC26.08 VRC26.09 VRC26.10 VRC26.11 VRC26.12 Autologous CAP256.PI >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP256.SU 0.008 0.003 0.002 0.031 0.055 0.032 Heterologous CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- by clade IC₅₀ VRC26.07 VRC26.08 VRC26.09 VRC26.10 VRC26.11 VRC26.12 C 96ZM651.02 >50 2.820 0.991 >50 >50 >50 CAP210.E8 0.021 0.006 0.002 0.100 0.073 0.072 CAP244.D3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP45.G3 >50 4.690 16.000 >50 >50 >50 DU156.12 >50 0.059 0.016 >50 >50 >50 DU172.17 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 DU422.01 >50 0.008 0.023 8.200 11.500 >50 ZM109.4 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM135.10a >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM197.7 >50 0.008 0.011 0.346 0.055 >50 ZM214.15 >50 >50 0.333 >50 >50 >50 ZM233.6 >50 0.000 0.001 0.228 0.322 >50 ZM249.1 44.100 0.076 0.010 >50 34.500 >50 ZM53.12 0.014 0.004 0.002 0.072 0.081 0.211 A 0.260.v5.c36 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 BG505.w6m >50 0.143 0.054 >50 4.200 >50 KER2008.12 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 KER2018.11 3.100 0.003 0.002 0.335 1.760 >50 MB201 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 MB539.2B7 >50 31.700 40.700 >50 >50 >50 Q168.a2 >50 0.256 0.181 >50 >50 >50 Q23.17 >50 13.300 9.500 2.590 >50 >50 Q259.d2.17 42.500 0.009 0.008 24.600 >50 >50 Q461.e2 >50 0.969 0.705 >50 >50 >50 Q769.d22 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q842.d12 >50 40.400 10.11 >50 >50 >50 RW020.2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 UG037.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 B 6535.3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AC10.29 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAAN.A2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 PVO.04 >50 11.800 >50 2.480 10.800 >50 QH0692.42 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 REJO.67 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 RHPA.7 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 SC422.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 THRO.18 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRJO.58 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRO.11 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 WITO.33 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 D 191821.E6.1 >50 >50 0.054 >50 >50 >50 3016.V5.c36 >50 0.013 0.004 0.017 0.300 7.930 6405.v4.c34 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AE C1080.c3 >50 0.012 0.019 >50 0.018 >50 CM244.ec1 40.100 1.090 0.105 0.914 26.700 >50 CNE3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TH976.17 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 nonHIV SIVmac251.30 >50 >50 >50 % breadth 13% 47% 47% 23% 26% 6% geomean 1.51 0.08 0.07 0.60 0.94 0.49 IC₅₀ (ug/ml) # neut 6 22 22 11 12 3

TABLE 3.2 Neutralization of autologous (CAP256-PI and CAP256-SU) and 46 heterologous viruses by CAP256-VRC26.13-CAP256- VRC26.24 mAbs. Neutralization of each mAb was measured using a TZM-bl assay. Geometric mean was calculated for values <50 μg/ml. IC₅₀ CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- VRC26.13 VRC26.14 VRC26.15 VRC26.16 VRC26.17 VRC26.18 Autologous CAP256.PI >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP256.SU 0.019 0.004 0.008 0.004 0.003 0.008 Heterologous CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- by clade IC₅₀ VRC26.13 VRC26.14 VRC26.15 VRC26.16 VRC26.17 VRC26.18 C 96ZM651.02 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP210.E8 0.094 0.012 0.019 0.009 0.006 0.019 CAP244.D3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP45.G3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 DU156.12 >50 >50 10.400 48.700 18.700 >50 DU172.17 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 DU422.01 >50 49.000 0.153 3.900 0.510 5.400 ZM109.4 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM135.10a >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM197.7 >50 4.960 14.600 2.210 2.200 1.890 ZM214.15 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM233.6 >50 0.028 0.192 0.031 0.006 0.037 ZM249.1 >50 >50 >50 45.000 1.230 >50 ZM53.12 0.039 0.006 0.014 0.006 0.005 0.010 A 0.260.v5.c36 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 BG505.w6m >50 0.750 11.700 0.360 0.400 1.900 KER2008.12 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 KER2018.11 >50 0.030 0.040 0.062 0.064 0.030 MB201 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 MB539.2B7 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q168.a2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q23.17 >50 >50 0.338 >50 6.420 35.000 Q259.d2.17 >50 2.130 0.657 5.780 0.076 5.310 Q461.e2 >50 >50 19.900 >50 >50 >50 Q769.d22 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q842.d12 >50 >50 9.350 >50 >50 >50 RW020.2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 UG037.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 B 6535.3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AC10.29 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAAN.A2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 PVO.04 >50 >50 30.000 >50 >50 >50 QH0692.42 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 REJO.67 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 RHPA.7 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 SC422.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 THRO.18 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRJO.58 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRO.11 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 WITO.33 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 D 191821.E6.1 >50 3.360 >50 0.820 35.400 10.400 3016.V5.c36 3.740 0.012 0.160 0.012 0.011 0.028 6405.v4.c34 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AE C1080.c3 >50 0.779 >50 5.900 >50 2.150 CM244.ec1 >50 6.160 0.112 0.670 0.140 1.420 CNE3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TH976.17 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 nonHIV SIVmac251.30 % breadth 6% 26% 32% 30% 30% 28% geomean 0.24 0.36 0.75 0.54 0.25 0.57 IC₅₀ (ug/ml) # neut 3 12 15 14 14 13 IC₅₀ CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- VRC26.19 VRC26.20 VRC26.21 VRC26.22 VRC26.23 VRC26.24 Autologous CAP256.PI >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP256.SU 0.015 >50 0.002 0.002 0.019 0.040 Heterologous CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- by clade IC₅₀ VRC26.19 VRC26.20 VRC26.21 VRC26.22 VRC26.23 VRC26.24 C 96ZM651.02 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP210.E8 0.025 >50 0.005 0.003 0.019 0.230 CAP244.D3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP45.G3 >50 >50 >50 1.400 >50 0.672 DU156.12 1.340 >50 >50 0.150 >50 10.800 DU172.17 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 DU422.01 0.057 >50 1.100 0.012 >50 21.600 ZM109.4 2.820 >50 >50 >50 >50 16.500 ZM135.10a >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM197.7 0.135 >50 >50 0.090 >50 12.600 ZM214.15 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 32.000 ZM233.6 0.009 >50 26.500 0.001 >50 1.670 ZM249.1 0.076 >50 >50 0.130 >50 13.600 ZM53.12 0.020 1.870 0.003 0.002 0.028 0.047 A 0.260.v5.c36 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 BG505.w6m 0.130 >50 >50 0.035 >50 5.630 KER2008.12 >50 >50 >50 1.230 >50 >50 KER2018.11 0.005 >50 0.060 0.002 10.000 1.100 MB201 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 MB539.2B7 0.431 >50 >50 17.900 >50 >50 Q168.a2 7.040 >50 >50 0.007 >50 3.410 Q23.17 0.233 >50 >50 0.006 >50 5.920 Q259.d2.17 2.160 >50 25.400 0.005 >50 31.100 Q461.e2 15.600 >50 >50 4.100 >50 >50 Q769.d22 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q842.d12 0.160 >50 >50 0.630 >50 >50 RW020.2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 UG037.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 B 6535.3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AC10.29 2.980 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAAN.A2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 PVO.04 1.100 >50 >50 9.030 >50 >50 QH0692.42 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 REJO.67 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 RHPA.7 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 SC422.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 THRO.18 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRJO.58 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRO.11 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 WITO.33 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 D 191821.E6.1 29.200 >50 >50 2.120 >50 3016.V5.c36 0.039 >50 >50 0.022 >50 2.120 6405.v4.c34 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AE C1080.c3 14.500 >50 >50 0.013 >50 17.400 CM244.ec1 0.024 >50 >50 4.540 >50 >50 CNE3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TH976.17 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 nonHIV SIVmac251.30 >50 % breadth 47% 2% 13% 47% 6% 37% geomean 0.33 1.87 0.30 0.09 0.17 4.18 IC₅₀ (ug/ml) # neut 22 1 6 22 3 17

TABLE 3.3 Neutralization of autologous (CAP256-PI and CAP256-SU) and 46 heterologous viruses by CAP256-VRC26.25-CAP256- VRC26.33 mAbs. Neutralization of each mAb was measured using a TZM-bl assay. Geometric mean was calculated for values <50 μg/ml. IC₅₀ CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- VRC26.25 VRC26.26 VRC26.27 VRC26.28 VRC26.29 VRC26.30 VRC26.31 VRC26.32 VRC26.33 CAP256.PI 1.330 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP256.SU 0.001 0.003 <0.0006 <0.0006 <0.0006 <0.0006 0.0006 0.004 0.007 Heterologous CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- CAP256- by clade IC₅₀ VRC26.13 VRC26.14 VRC26.15 VRC26.16 VRC26.17 VRC26.18 VRC26.19 VRC26.20 VRC26.21 C 96ZM651.02 0.173 0.111 0.047 >50 >50 37.800 >50 >50 >50 CAP210.E8 0.001 0.007 0.002 <0.0006 <0.0006 <0.0006 0.003 0.008 0.017 CAP244.D3 >50 36.600 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAP45.G3 0.000 0.080 0.025 0.016 0.076 0.317 >50 >50 >50 DU156.12 0.002 0.013 0.006 0.171 0.136 0.848 4.460 >50 >50 DU172.17 >50 0.500 4.360 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 DU422.01 0.003 0.080 0.015 0.075 0.072 0.400 1.660 >50 29.500 ZM109.4 0.001 0.025 0.027 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM135.10a >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM197.7 0.002 0.011 0.004 0.193 0.136 1.000 3.220 0.097 1.730 ZM214.15 0.006 14.100 3.860 6.850 13.600 >50 >50 >50 >50 ZM233.6 0.000 0.001 <0.0006 0.002 0.003 0.188 0.740 0.015 0.004 ZM249.1 0.001 0.023 0.004 0.082 0.093 0.762 >50 16.800 22.500 ZM53.12 0.000 0.001 <0.0006 <0.0006 0.001 <0.0006 <0.0006 0.011 0.015 A 0.260.v5.c36 6.540 0.780 2.100 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 BG505.w6m 0.001 0.066 0.102 0.044 0.046 9.040 >50 >50 >50 KER2008.12 0.005 >50 11.300 0.760 0.684 >50 >50 >50 >50 KER2018.11 0.000 0.001 0.001 <0.0006 <0.0006 <0.0006 0.002 0.032 0.037 MB201 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 MB539.2B7 0.186 0.634 1.150 29.400 13.300 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q168.a2 0.001 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.007 0.199 4.160 >50 >50 Q23.17 0.001 >50 >50 0.005 0.023 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q259.d2.17 0.002 0.011 0.005 0.012 0.019 0.107 0.262 >50 >50 Q461.e2 0.007 0.024 0.014 1.590 2.000 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q769.d22 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 Q842.d12 0.005 17.100 10.600 0.779 1.690 >50 >50 >50 >50 RW020.2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 UG037.8 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 B 6535.3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AC10.29 0.077 >50 >50 >50 20.400 >50 >50 >50 >50 CAAN.A2 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 PVO.04 0.072 0.562 0.371 6.000 4.000 12.600 >50 17.800 >50 QH0692.42 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 REJO.67 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 RHPA.7 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 SC422.8 47.200 1.740 4.860 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 THRO.18 19.800 0.667 1.230 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRJO.58 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TRO.11 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 WITO.33 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 D 191821.E6.1 3016.V5.c36 0.000 0.022 0.006 0.008 0.012 1.050 >50 0.284 0.506 6405.v4.c34 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 AE C1080.c3 0.004 0.016 0.149 0.012 0.009 0.073 1.670 >50 >50 CM244.ec1 0.092 0.047 0.056 0.640 1.130 >50 >50 0.561 0.036 CNE3 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 TH976.17 0.106 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 nonHIV SIVmac251.30 >50 % breadth 63% 59% 59% 41% 46% 28% 20% 20% 22% geomean 0.007 0.077 0.082 0.121 0.159 0.843 0.387 0.180 0.234 IC₅₀ (ug/ml) # neut 29 27 27 19 21 13 9 9 10 Overall, the quaternary specificity, neutralization fingerprints, competition with PG9, and long CDR H3s indicate that the CAP256-VRC26 antibodies resemble V1V2-directed broadly neutralizing antibodies from other donors and recognize a quaternary epitope including strand C of the V1V2 trimer cap at the membrane-distal apex of the HIV-1 spike.

Example 10

Temporal Characterization of the CAP256-VRC26 Lineage by NGS

To characterize the development of the CAP256-VRC26 antibody lineage, we analyzed B cell immunoglobulin transcripts through multiplex PCR of cDNA prepared from 5 million PBMCs per reaction, using primers specific for the VH3 and VA families. 454 pyrosequencing reads of the PCR products were analyzed for eight time points between 15 and 206 weeks postinfection. Although no CAP256-VRC26 lineage-related transcripts were detected at 15 and 30 weeks, 1,113 lineage-related heavy chain transcripts and 52 lineage-related light chain transcripts were found at 38 weeks post-infection. Transcripts encoding somatic variants of both heavy and light chains were identified at all later time points. To track varying longitudinal prevalence within the lineage, we utilized identity-divergence plots of all heavy chain reads assigned to the same VH3-30 germline gene as the isolated antibodies. With the week 59-isolated CAP256-VRC26.01 as the identity referent, a large population of heavy chain sequences appeared as a segregated island on the identity-divergence plot at week 38. By weeks 48 and 59, this island had expanded and divided with some sequences showing >95% identity to CAP256-VRC26.01. By week 119, this high-identity island has disappeared and the larger island had dropped to an average of ˜80% identity, which further decreased to ˜75% by week 206. Similarly, with the week 119-isolated CAP256-VRC26.08 as the referent, a distinct pattern of segregated sequences appeared at week 38. Both prevalence and identity peaked at week 119, where two segregated islands were observed: one at ˜95% identity, and the other ˜85% identity to CAP256-VRC26.08. Similar patterns of identity were seen for the other CAP256-VRC26 antibodies (not shown), with peaks in prevalence corresponding to the week of isolation.

To provide a more precise understanding of the longitudinal development of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage, maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees of all unique lineage transcripts were constructed and rooted by germline V gene sequences (FIG. 3). The lineage bifurcates early, with one branch leading to CAP256-VRC26.01 and a second developing into CAP256-VRC26.02-12. The heavy and light chain phylogenetic trees showed similar positions of the matched heavy and light chains for the 12 B cell-culture-identified antibodies, as well as a similar pattern of where transcripts from each time point appeared within each tree. This concordance suggested that the NGS and resulting phylogenetic trees reflected the coupled evolutionary behaviour of the antibody heavy and light chains, with the tree architecture closely approximating the maturation of the CAP256-VRC26 antibody lineage. To understand the origin of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage, the unmutated common ancestors (UCAs) for both heavy and light chain were inferred from the phylogenetic trees using maximum likelihood (FIG. 3). For the light chain, the UCA had a 12 amino acid CDR L3, the same length as found in CAP256-VRC26.01. For the heavy chain, the inferred UCA had a 35-residue CDR H3, apparently the result of a VDJ recombination with a single D-gene, IgHD3-3*01 with N-nucleotide insertions of 34 and 31 nucleotides at each junction. Confirmation for this inferred UCA came from the identification of several transcripts containing a 35 amino acid CDR3, the correct V and J genes, and fewer than 3 total nucleotide mutations from germline. Thus, the CAP256-VRC26 lineage emerged between weeks 30 and 38, with a remarkable 35-residue CDR H3 formed in whole by recombination. The lineage rapidly expanded, with both phylogenetic and temporal concordance between heavy and light chains. We also found general concordance between time of HIV-1 infection and depth on the phylogenetic trees; i.e. sequences from later time points show up later on the tree, indicating continuous evolution of this B cell lineage. For each time point, only a small fraction of branches provide roots to the grouped sequences of the next time point. This tree structure appears to represent “snapshots” of B cell expansion (the many grouped sequences at each time point) and selection (the rooting of the next time point sequences from very few current sequences).

Example 11

Structural Characteristics of CAP256-VRC26 Lineage Antibodies

To provide atomic-level definition of the features associated with molecular recognition by the CAP256-VRC26 lineage, we determined crystal structures of the antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) for six of the isolated antibodies from weeks 59, 119 and 206 as well as of the UCA (Table 4). The structures reveal an extended CDR H3 that protrudes ˜20A above the antigen-combining surface (FIG. 4) and contained several unique features including a 2-stranded P-sheet and an intra-CDR H3 disulfide bond with cysteines positioned C terminal to each strand. This disulfide bond was not present in the UCA or in CAP256-VRC26.01, but was present in all of the more mature CAP256 antibodies. Tyrosines 100H and 100I near the apex of CDR H3 are both predicted to be sulfated and electron density confirmed O-sulfation of Tyr100H; however sulfation of Tyr100I was inconclusive due to side chain disorder.

These crystal structures also provided insight into the development of the lineage over four years. The CDR H3 of the UCA and CAP256-VRC26.01 protrude over the light chain, whereas the CDR H3 of the more mature antibodies is directed towards the heavy chain. The diversity of space groups and unit cells suggests that the initial trajectory of the CDR H3 protrusion is maintained under a variety of crystal packing conditions. These results suggest maturation of the orientation of the CDR H3 between UCA and the later antibodies. Perhaps relevant to this, the appearance of the disulfide bond in all antibodies after CAP256-VRC26.01 correlated with adoption of the mature CDR H3 orientation. The functional importance of this disulfide bond was experimentally confirmed: mutation of the relevant Cys residues in VRC26.03 resulted in loss of neutralization potency and breadth. Additionally, a conserved glycine at residue 97 in the heavy chain sequences lacking a disulfide bond is mutated to arginine in the mature antibodies, coinciding with the appearance of the two cysteines, further limiting the flexibility at the base of the CDR H3. The CDR H3s were consistently anionic, with formal charges ranging from −10 to −4. Thus, antibodies of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage have CDR H3s with structural properties similar to previously determined V1V2-directed broadly neutralizing antibodies, including tyrosine-sulfation, overall anionic character, long-length, and protrusion above the framework region. Overall, the structural analysis indicates that the initial B cell recombination produces a flexible, tyrosine-sulfated CDR H3 loop. Maturation, including the evolution of an intra-CDR H3 disulfide bond, appears to select a conformation more compatible with broad HIV-1 recognition.

Example 12

Developmental Interplay Between HIV-1 and CAP256-VRC26 Lineage

Analysis of CAP256 gp160 sequences over ˜3 years of infection showed high levels of diversity driven by recombination between the primary infecting (PI) virus and a superinfecting virus (SU). The SU virus was first detected 15 weeks postinfection (Moore et al. 2013) and differed from the PI virus by ˜17% in Env. Differences included polymorphisms at V2 residues 165 and 169, and an intact glycosylation sequon at position 160 in the SU virus, which is more representative of global HIV-1 strains. Between 23 and 34 weeks, Env gp160 recombinants were largely SU-derived but the important V1V2 region originated from the PI virus. Segments of V1V2 from the SU virus were detected again at week 30, and by 48 weeks post-infection the PI V1V2 was largely replaced by a SU V1V2. Position 169 was under strong positive diversifying selective pressure in the SU virus (p=0.0001) consistent with immune pressure on this C-strand residue.

All CAP256-VRC26.01-12 antibodies neutralized the SU virus, but not the PI virus (with the exception of CAP256-VRC26.06), suggesting the SU V1V2 elicited these antibodies. Env clones isolated between 23 and 38 weeks were largely resistant, suggesting that recombination to obtain the PI V1V2 epitope was a dominant early escape mechanism. An exception was the highly sensitive 34 week clone containing an SU-like V1V2 region, with an N160 glycan (seen in only 1/26 week 34 sequences) (FIG. 11). Thereafter, sensitivity of clones from weeks 48 and 59 tracked with the SU V1V2 containing an N160 glycosylation sequon.

The earliest antibody, CAP256-VRC26.01 (from week 59), neutralized the SU virus but surprisingly failed to neutralize the highly sensitive 34-week clone or later viruses from weeks 48 and 59 that contained a SU-like V1V2. This 34 week clone had a K1691 mutation, which when introduced into the SU virus, abrogated CAP256-VRC26.01 neutralization, but only slightly affected later antibodies (FIG. 12). Furthermore, strong evidence of directional selection (Bayes factor=77,095) for a K1691 (present in <2% of subtype C viruses) suggests that CAP256-VRC26.01 or related antibodies drove early escape mutations, with maturation of this lineage allowing later antibodies to tolerate 1691.

Viruses from 94 weeks onwards escaped all 12 isolated antibodies of the lineage through R166S/K or K169E mutations (FIG. 12). While R166S and K169E mediated complete escape for all antibodies, the 4 broadest (CAP256-VRC26.03, 04, 08, 09) still showed low levels of neutralization of the SU R166K mutant (FIG. 12). The ability to tolerate a lysine (present in ˜13% of all HIV-1 viruses), in addition to the more common arginine at position 166 may account for the greater breadth of these 4 antibodies (FIG. 1). Neutralization escape was also associated with a net charge change in the V2 epitope from +3 (SU) to a rare 0 at 176 weeks (seen in only ˜4% of HIV-1 viruses). This contrasted with the antibody CDR H3s which became less negatively charged over time (−10 to −4, FIG. 4) reflecting continued co-evolution of the viral epitope and the antibody paratope. Despite viral escape, neutralization breadth continued to increase, suggesting that sensitive viruses persisted at low levels and continued to stimulate this lineage.

Overall, these results display a complex interplay between virus and antibody, with a low-prevalence virus (containing a SU-like V2 epitope) engaging the naive B cells of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage. Dramatic changes in the V2 epitope of circulating recombinants preceded increased neutralization breadth, with neutralization of 48 and 59-week clones by later CAP256-VRC26 antibodies suggesting that these viruses contributed to antibody maturation.

TABLE 4 Crystallographic data collection and refinement statistics, values in parenthesis are for highest-resolution shell VRC26.UCA VRC26.01 VRC26.03 VRC26.04 VRC26.06 VRC26.07 VRC26.10 Data collection Space group C2 C2 C2 P1 R32: H I222 P212121 Cell constants a, b, c (Å) 85.5, 81.2, 104.4 71.2 99.2, 80.9, 68.0, 85.5, 253.5, 253.5, 70.1, 87.3, 43.4, 46.2, 69.2 82.9 87.6 103.3 70.1 224.4 232.5 a, b, g (°) 90.0, 124.0, 90.0, 93.3, 90.0, 116.7, 97.9, 107.7, 90.0, 90.0, 90.0, 90.0, 90,0, 90.0, 90.0 90 90.0 91.7 120.0 90.0 90.0 Wavelength (Å) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Resolution (Å) 50.0-2.90 50.0-1.90 50.0-2.70 50.0-3.15 50.0-3.0 40-2.6 50-1.91 (3.0-2.9) (1.93-1.90) (2.75-2.70) (3.20-3.15) (3.11-3.0) (2.64-2.60) (1.94-1.91) R_(merge) 11 8 15 14 13 13 13 (37) (54) (44) (39) (54) (51) (46) |/s| 5.9 16.3 6.9 5.8 16.6 12.5 8.4 (1.8) (2.1) (1.8) (1.8) (2.1) (1.7) (2.5) Completeness (%) 85.7 100 88.4 95.9 98.8 93.9 65.2 (82.8) (99.8) (51.1) (79.6) (88.5) (53.0) (50) Redundancy 2.3 3.7 2.9 1.9 10.0 6.5 4.1 (2.2) (3.2) (1.7) (1.8) (5.0) (3.9) (3.9) MOLECULES/ASU 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 REFINEMENT Resolution (Å) 33.1-2.9 34.7-1.90 40.1-2.69 35.63-3.12 40.9-3.0 30.0-2.6 32.77-1.90 (3.0-2.9) (1.96-1.90) (2.79-2.69) (3.2-3.12) (3.1-3.0) (2.71-2.62) (1.97-1.91) Unique reflections 7,500 48,060 13,071 36,806 16,997 19,901 24,684 (660) (3,241) (641) (2,685) (1,487) (1,816) (2,029) R_(work)/R_(tree)(%) 21.1/24.6 18/19.9 20.3/24.5 25.6/28.5 19.3/23.3 22.1/24.5 21.0, 24.1 No. atoms Protein 3249 3324 3447 13,508 3477 3361 3323 Water 17 197 47 0 0 17 267 B-factors (Å²) Protein 55 33.3 47.8 51.3 66.3 36.2 22.2 Water 27.5 43.7 39 na na 33.2 25.1 R.m.s. deviations Bond lengths (Å) 0.004 0.008 0.003 0.009 0.003 0.005 0.005 Bond angles (°) 0.885 1.22 0.82 1.15 0.79 1.01 0.96 Ramachandran Most favored regions (%) 90.2 98.2 92 91 96 92.5 96.5 Additional allowed regions (%) 9.4 1.8 7.8 8.4 3.8 7.5 3.3 Disallowed regions (%) 0.6 0 0.2 0.6 0.2 0 0.2

Example 13

Rapid Development of CAP256-VRC26.01

To understand the critical elements required for development of effective V1V2-directed antibodies, we focused on CAP256-VRC26.01, the earliest isolated antibody. This antibody neutralizes 15% of diverse HIV-1 strains, and has all the molecular characteristics required for neutralization by effective V1V2-directed antibodies (FIG. 4). We therefore inferred heavy and light chains for two developmental intermediates (VRC26-11 and VRC26-12) on the pathway between UCA and CAP256-VRC26.01 (FIGS. 6 and 7).

To assess the interactions between CAP256-VRC26.01 precursors and autologous virus, we reconstituted the UCA, I1, and I2 as IgGs and measured their neutralization activity. The UCA demonstrated weak but reproducible neutralization of the SU and no neutralization of the PI. The VRC26-I1, VRC26-12 and CAP256-VRC26.01 antibodies demonstrated progressively improved potency against the SU. In each case, neutralization was reduced or eliminated by specific mutations on V1V2 strand C (FIG. 5). Breadth of neutralization also progressively increased, with VRC26-12 neutralizing 6 of 7 CAP256-VRC26.01-sensitive heterologous viruses (FIG. 5). The frequencies of B-cell transcripts related to the UCA and intermediates support this sequential pathway of development leading to CAP256-VRC26.01.

We produced structural models of VRC26-11 and 12 and compared them to the experimentally determined structures of UCA and CAP256-VRC26.01. 11 contained 12 mutations in the heavy chain (of 145 total residues) and 3 mutations in the light chain (of 110 total). Mutations accumulated primarily at solvent-exposed positions on the combining surface, suggestive of a functional role in binding. For the heavy chain, approximately half of the total amino acid mutations occurred in CDR H3 regions (FIGS. 6 and 7 and Table 5). Overall, compared to the UCA, CAP256-VRC26.01 contains 39 amino acid changes out of 255 amino acids total. This developmental pathway allows for an increase in neutralization from borderline neutralization of a single virus (SU) to cross-neutralization of heterologus HIV-1 strains. Throughout this development, the CDR H3 maintains its length, tyrosine sulfation and general anionic character.

TABLE 5 Heavy chain nucleotide and amino acid changes from VRC26- UCA to intermediates VRC26-I1 and VRC26-I2 to VRC 26.01. Compared to VH3-30*18 Compared to UCA nt # aa # aa # (out (out (out nt % of 296) aa % of 98) aa % of 145) VRC26-I1 2.0% 6 5.1% 5 8.3% 12 VRC26-I2 6.1% 18 10.2% 10 13.8% 20 VRC26-01 8.1% 24 15.3% 15 20.7% 30

Example 14

Autoreactivity and frequency of long antigen-combining loops in the CAP256 donor A potential rate-limiting developmental step in the CAP256-VRC26 lineage is the recombination event that generated a 35-residue CDR H3 of the UCA. By one estimate, human B cells with recombined antibody genes encoding long (>24 residue, IMGT definition) or very long (>28 residue) CDR H3s constitute ˜3.5% and 0.4% respectively of naive B cells (Briney et at 2012). These long B cell receptors have been associated with autoreactivity, and are subject to both central and peripheral deletion, resulting in an even smaller population of IgG⁺ memory B cells (Briney et al. 2012, Wardemann et al. 2003 and Ditzel et al. 1996). We therefore tested the CAP256-VRC26 UCA and 15 CAP256-VRC26 cloned antibodies for reactivity to autoantigens (Haynes et al. 2005). No reactivity with Hep2 cells was noted for the UCA or for any of the cloned antibodies. Likewise, no cardiolipin reactivity was noted for the UCA nor for 14 of the 15 selected antibodies; borderline reactivity was observed only for CAP256-VRC26.03 (FIG. 13). This suggests that tolerance and clonal deletion were not factors in the development of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage, in contrast to what has been found for some other HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (Haynes et al. 2005, Verkoczy et al. 2010) and for other antibodies with long CDR H3 loops (Briney et al. 2012, Wardemann et al. 2003 and Ditzel et al. 1996). We also asked whether long CDR H3 antibodies might be found at greater frequency in this donor. NGS of total B cells indicated that <0.4% of sequences had CDR H3s of greater than 28 amino acids in length suggesting that the CAP256 donor did not have an unusually high frequency of clonal lineages with long CDR H3 regions.

Example 15

Vaccine and Treatment Implications

The HIV-1 V1V2 region is a common target of serum neutralizing antibodies and is one of four known conserved neutralization epitopes on the HIV-1 Env (Overbaugh & Morris, 2012 and Kwong & Mascola, 2012). Thus, elicitation of V1V2 neutralizing antibodies is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine design. Notably, in the RV144 Thai vaccine trial, an increased level of binding antibodies to the V1V2 region was associated with a reduced risk of infection (Haynes et al. 2012) and viral sieve analysis showed immune pressure in this same region (Rolland et al. 2012). While the vaccine used in the RV144 trial did not elicit broadly neutralizing V1V2-directed antibodies similar to those described here and elsewhere (Walker et al. 2009, Bonsignori et al. 2011 and Walker et al. 2011), the modest protective efficacy of the vaccine has highlighted a strong interest in the V1V2 region as a target of vaccine-elicited antibodies. Ideally, such antibody responses would be potently neutralizing and react with diverse HIV-1 strains similar to what is described here.

The previously well characterized V1V2 neutralizing antibodies, and the CAP256-VRC26 lineage, all have unusually long CDR H3 regions that appear to be necessary to penetrate the glycan shield and engage a V1V2 epitope. An important unanswered question has been how these long antigen binding loops originate. Until now, it was unclear if the CDR H3 region was elongated by insertions during the process of affinity maturation, or fully formed by V(D)J recombination and therefore present at the level of the naive B cell receptor. The ability to perform NGS of antibody gene transcripts from longitudinal samples allowed us to infer the UCA of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage, and to determine that it contained the requisite long antigen binding loop pre-formed prior to encountering HIV-1 antigen. We also inferred the virological events leading to the stimulation and evolution of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage. Similar to donor CH505, and the CH103 lineage that gave rise to broadly neutralizing anti-CD4 binding site antibodies, the autologous virus in CAP256 showed extensive variation prior to the development of breadth (Liao et al. 2013). Interestingly, the UCA did not recognize the primary infecting virus in donor CAP256, but weakly neutralized the superinfecting virus that occurred 15 weeks later, and contained a more common clade C V1V2 sequence. Subsequent antibody-virus interactions, including viral neutralization escape, appeared to drive somatic mutation and the development of more cross-reactive neutralization.

Finally, the distinct ontogeny of V1V2-directed broadly neutralizing antibodies revealed by the CAP256-VRC26 lineage suggests that neutralization potency and breadth can be achieved without extraordinary levels of somatic mutation. For example CAP256-VRC26.03 with ˜8% Vgene somatic mutation neutralizes 30% of HIV-1 strains (FIG. 1). Thus, the primary requirement for eliciting V1V2-directed antibodies appears to be the availability of a suitably antigenic V1V2 epitope that is recognized by a relatively rare naive B cell receptor with a protruding, anionic CDR H3. While some neutralizing antibodies appear to require years of maturation (Haynes et al. 2012, Burton et al. 2012, Kwong et al. 2012 and Mascola et al. 2013), we show that quite unexpectedly a V1V2 directed B cell lineage can acquire HIV-1 neutralization breadth relatively rapidly. The quaternary-specificity of the V1V2 epitope may help this lineage to avoid decoy strategies, as viral debris and monomeric forms of gp120 are unlikely to bind this category of antibodies. Thus, identifying key features of antigens able to engage naive B cells with long CDR H3 is a critical step in design of vaccines targeting this site of vulnerability. It remains to be determined whether one can elicit neutralizing V1V2 antibodies merely by providing the appropriate trimeric V1V2 constructs or whether multiple/sequential immunogens that mirror viral evolution are needed. Overall, the precise delineation of the developmental pathway for the CAP256-VRC26 lineage reported here should provide a basis for attempts to elicit effective V1V2-directed HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies.

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What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated anti-HIV-1 antibody which binds to V1V2, wherein the antibody includes a heavy chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:172, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 50-66 of SEQ ID NO:172, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 99-134 of SEQ ID NO:172, and a light chain with a CDR1 comprising the amino acids at positions 23-35 of SEQ ID NO:173, a CDR2 comprising the amino acids at positions 51-57 of SEQ ID NO:173, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acids at positions 90-101 of SEQ ID NO:173.
 2. An isolated anti-HIV-1 antibody which binds to V1V2, wherein the antibody comprises: (i) a variable heavy chain sequence having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:172; and (ii) a variable light chain sequence having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:173.
 3. An isolated anti-HIV-1 antibody of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the antibody neutralizes autologous HIV-1 virus CAP256.SU at an IC₅₀ concentration of less than 0.5 μg/ml, or heterologous HIV-1 virus ZM53.12 at an IC₅₀ concentration of less than 0.5 μg/ml.
 4. An isolated anti-HIV-1 antibody of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the antibody is a Fab, Fab′, a F(ab)′2, a single-chain Fv (scFv), an Fv fragment, or a linear antibody.
 5. A composition comprising the isolated anti-HIV-1 antibody of claim 1 or claim 2, or a fragment thereof.
 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated anti-HIV-1 antibody of claim 1 or claim 2, or a fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 7. A method of inhibiting HIV-1 replication or reducing HIV-1 viral load in a subject the method comprising administering an isolated anti-HIV-1 antibody of claim 1 or claim 2, or a fragment thereof, to the subject.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising the administration of a second therapeutic agent.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said second therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent.
 10. A kit comprising a container containing an isolated anti-HIV-1 antibody of claim 1 or claim 2, or fragment thereof. 